The Language of Finishing: Paint and Coatings Glossary E–F

Practical definitions for electrocoating, electrostatic application, epoxies, film formation, fluid delivery, and professional finishing processes.

This installment of The Language of Finishing covers industry terms beginning with E and F. The definitions apply across automotive refinishing, OEM production, aerospace and aviation, rail, marine, protective coatings, powder coating, electrocoat, floor coatings, roof coatings, linings, wood finishing, and other professional coating sectors.

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E

Edge Coverage

Industry areas: Protective Coatings, Powder Coating, OEM, Marine, Rail

Edge coverage describes the amount of coating deposited and retained on an edge. Liquid coatings tend to pull away from sharp edges because of surface tension, leaving a thinner film than on adjacent flat surfaces.

Grinding sharp edges, rounding corners, stripe coating, selecting coatings with good edge-retention properties, and controlling application can improve protection.

Edge Failure

Edge failure is premature coating deterioration at corners, cut edges, welds, holes, fasteners, or other geometric transitions. These areas often receive insufficient film thickness and may also contain sharp projections, weld contamination, or difficult-to-clean surfaces.

Edge failure may appear as early rusting, cracking, lifting, or loss of coating.

Edge Retention

Edge retention is a coating’s ability to maintain useful film thickness over an edge rather than pulling away during application and cure.

High film thickness on a flat surface does not guarantee adequate edge protection. Edge preparation and stripe coating may still be required.

E-Coat

Industry areas: Automotive OEM, Appliances, Agricultural Equipment, Rail Components, Metal Finishing

E-coat, short for electrocoat, is an immersion-coating process that uses electrical current to deposit an organic coating onto a conductive workpiece.

The process can provide uniform coverage on complex parts, recessed areas, seams, and assembled components. Electrocoat is widely used as a corrosion-resistant primer in automotive and industrial manufacturing. The Electrocoat Association provides additional information about the process.

Related terms: Electrodeposition, CED, AED, Throwpower

Efflorescence

Industry areas: Concrete Coatings, Masonry, Floor Coatings, Roof Coatings

Efflorescence is a powdery or crystalline deposit of water-soluble salts that appears on concrete, masonry, brick, or similar surfaces as moisture moves through the material and evaporates.

The visible deposit can interfere with coating adhesion, but simply removing it may not correct the moisture source responsible for its formation.

Elastomeric Coating

Industry areas: Roof Coatings, Masonry, Concrete, Building Exteriors

An elastomeric coating is designed to remain flexible and accommodate a degree of substrate movement while maintaining a continuous protective film.

Elastomeric coatings are commonly used on roofs, masonry walls, concrete, and other building surfaces. Flexibility does not mean the coating can permanently bridge every active crack, failed joint, or structural movement.

Electrical Conductivity

Industry areas: Electrostatic Application, E-Coat, Powder Coating, OEM

Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to carry electrical current. In finishing operations, conductivity can affect electrostatic charging, grounding, coating delivery, electrodeposition, and process control.

Coating conductivity, substrate conductivity, water quality, and grounding requirements should not be treated as the same measurement.

Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor through which current enters or leaves a material or electrical field. Electrodes are used in electrocoating systems, electrostatic application equipment, and various inspection instruments.

The electrode’s purpose and polarity depend on the process.

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is the use of an electrical field to deposit coating material onto a conductive workpiece immersed in a coating bath. It is the operating principle behind electrocoat.

The process may be anodic or cathodic. Modern automotive corrosion-protection systems commonly use cathodic electrodeposition.

Electrostatic Application

Industry areas: Liquid Coating, Powder Coating, Automotive OEM, Industrial Finishing

Electrostatic application electrically charges coating particles or droplets so they are attracted toward a grounded workpiece.

When correctly designed and operated, electrostatics can improve transfer efficiency and wraparound. Performance depends on grounding, coating characteristics, voltage, current, gun distance, airflow, part geometry, and booth conditions.

Electrostatic Atomization

Electrostatic atomization uses electrical charging as part of the process that forms or controls coating droplets. Depending on the equipment, electrical forces may supplement air, fluid pressure, or rotary atomization.

Electrostatic attraction and atomization are related but not identical. Some systems atomize mechanically or pneumatically and then charge the droplets.

Electrostatic Bell

Industry areas: Automotive OEM, Industrial OEM, Automated Finishing

An electrostatic bell is a high-speed rotary atomizer that uses a spinning bell-shaped cup to create coating droplets, which are then electrically charged and directed toward a grounded workpiece.

Bell speed, coating flow, shaping air, voltage, current, grounding, and robot programming influence pattern size, transfer efficiency, appearance, and film build.

Electrostatic Fluidized Bed

Industry areas: Powder Coating

An electrostatic fluidized bed suspends powder in an air-supported cloud and electrically charges it so it is attracted to a grounded workpiece positioned in or above the bed.

It differs from a conventional fluidized-bed process in which a preheated part is immersed in fluidized powder and heat causes the powder to melt onto the surface.

Electrostatic Gun

An electrostatic gun applies liquid or powder coating while imparting an electrical charge to the coating material. The charged material is attracted to a properly grounded workpiece.

Electrostatic guns may be manual or automatic. Safe operation requires approved equipment, effective grounding, ventilation, clean insulators, correct operating distance, and compliance with applicable fire and electrical requirements.

Electrostatic Rejection

Industry areas: Powder Coating, Electrostatic Liquid Application

Electrostatic rejection occurs when electrical conditions resist additional coating deposition or push charged material away from the workpiece.

In powder coating, excessive voltage, heavy film build, poor grounding, or back ionization can contribute. The result may be poor penetration, uneven build, roughness, or increased powder loss.

Electrostatic Wrap

Electrostatic wrap describes the tendency of charged coating material to follow the electrical field around the sides, edges, or rear portions of a grounded workpiece.

Wrap can improve coverage and transfer efficiency, but it is not unlimited. Deep recesses and shielded areas may still be difficult to coat because of the Faraday-cage effect.

Elongation

Industry areas: Roof Coatings, Elastomerics, Flexible Substrates, OEM

Elongation is the ability of a material to stretch before breaking, commonly expressed as a percentage of its original length.

High elongation alone does not guarantee crack-bridging performance. Coating thickness, tensile strength, temperature, aging, adhesion, and the speed and amount of substrate movement also matter.

Emulsion Coating

Industry areas: Architectural Coatings, Wood Finishing, Industrial Waterborne Coatings

An emulsion coating contains small binder particles dispersed in a liquid phase, commonly water. As water evaporates, the particles come together to form a continuous film.

Application temperature, humidity, airflow, substrate porosity, and film thickness can influence coalescence and final film formation.

Encapsulation

Industry areas: Maintenance Painting, Hazardous-Coating Management, Concrete, Roofing

Encapsulation is the application of a coating or covering intended to seal and isolate an existing material rather than remove it.

Encapsulation may be used in certain lead-paint, asbestos, contamination-control, or moisture-management programs. It requires evaluation of the existing material, substrate condition, adhesion, exposure, regulations, and system suitability.

Enamel

Industry areas: Architectural, Industrial, Automotive, Appliance, Maintenance

Enamel is a broad and sometimes loosely used term for a coating that forms a relatively hard, smooth, or durable finish. It does not identify one specific coating chemistry.

Because the term may describe alkyd, acrylic, polyurethane, waterborne, solvent-borne, or other materials, the technical data sheet should be used to determine actual properties.

Environmental Conditions

Industry areas: Application, Inspection, Field Coating, OEM

Environmental conditions are the atmospheric and surface conditions affecting preparation, application, drying, and cure. They commonly include air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind, ventilation, precipitation, and airborne contamination.

Readings should be taken at representative locations and at the frequency required by the specification or inspection plan.

Epoxy

Industry areas: Protective Coatings, Floors, Linings, Marine, Aerospace, OEM

An epoxy is commonly a two-component coating that develops a crosslinked film after the resin and curing agent are mixed. Epoxies are widely used for adhesion, corrosion protection, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and high film build.

Many epoxies chalk or lose gloss during ultraviolet exposure. Product selection must consider exterior appearance, service temperature, chemical exposure, flexibility, and recoat requirements.

Epoxy Mastic

Industry areas: Maintenance Painting, Protective Coatings, Marine, Structural Steel

An epoxy mastic is generally a high-solids, high-build epoxy intended for maintenance work and surfaces where complete abrasive blast cleaning may not be practical.

“Surface tolerant” does not mean surface preparation is unnecessary. Oil, grease, loose rust, loose coating, salts, moisture, and other contaminants must still be addressed.

Erosion

Industry areas: Exterior Coatings, Roof Coatings, Marine, Protective Coatings

Erosion is the gradual wearing away or loss of a coating film through weathering, abrasion, water flow, airborne particles, cleaning, or service exposure.

Unlike flaking, erosion normally removes the coating progressively rather than in identifiable chips or scales.

Etching

Industry areas: Metal Preparation, Automotive Refinish, Aerospace, Concrete Coatings

Etching uses a chemical or controlled physical process to clean, alter, or roughen a surface before coating.

The term can refer to acid etching of concrete, chemical treatment of metal, or other substrate-specific processes. Residues, neutralization, rinsing, drying, and compatibility must be controlled according to the approved procedure.

Etch Primer

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, Aerospace, Metal Finishing

An etch primer is a thin primer designed to promote adhesion to certain metal surfaces through chemical interaction and film formation. It is commonly associated with automotive, aerospace, and metal-refinishing work.

Etch primers generally are not intended to provide heavy film build. Compatibility with fillers, epoxies, sealers, and topcoats must be verified.

Evaporation Rate

Industry areas: Liquid Coatings, Automotive Refinish, Wood Finishing, Industrial Finishing

Evaporation rate describes how quickly a volatile liquid leaves a coating compared with a stated reference material or under defined conditions.

Evaporation rate affects atomization, wet-edge time, flow, flash-off, overspray, sagging, solvent popping, blushing, and drying.

Exhaust Air

Industry areas: Spray Booths, Powder Booths, Ovens, Containment

Exhaust air is air removed from a booth, room, oven, containment, or work area to control overspray, vapor, powder, heat, dust, and airborne contaminants.

The exhaust system must be designed for the process and coordinated with make-up air, filtration, fire protection, environmental controls, and applicable regulations.

Explosion-Proof

Industry areas: Spray Finishing, Electrical Safety, Booths, Mixing Rooms

Explosion-proof is an electrical-equipment protection term associated with specific hazardous-location classifications and approvals. It does not mean that equipment cannot explode under any condition.

Equipment must be approved and marked for the applicable class, division or zone, material group, and temperature requirements. Ordinary electrical devices should never be used in a classified spray area merely because they are enclosed.

See OSHA 29 CFR 1910.107 for requirements affecting spray-finishing operations.

Exterior Durability

Industry areas: Architectural, Automotive, Aerospace, OEM, Protective Coatings

Exterior durability is a coating system’s ability to retain required appearance and protective properties during outdoor exposure.

It may include resistance to ultraviolet radiation, moisture, temperature cycling, chalking, fading, gloss loss, cracking, corrosion, chemicals, and biological growth.

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F

Factory-Applied Coating

Industry areas: OEM, Coil Coating, Appliances, Automotive, Building Products

A factory-applied coating is applied under controlled production conditions before the finished item reaches the jobsite or end user.

Factory application can provide controlled preparation, film thickness, curing, and inspection. Handling, shipping, fabrication, and installation can still damage the coating and require field repair.

Fan Pattern

Industry areas: Liquid Spray, Powder Coating

The fan pattern is the shape and distribution of coating produced by a spray gun. Liquid spray patterns are commonly oval or elongated, while powder-gun patterns may be adjusted using different nozzles, deflectors, and air settings.

A properly adjusted pattern should provide suitable distribution without heavy ends, a split center, excessive tails, or unstable pulsing.

Faraday-Cage Effect

Industry areas: Electrostatic Liquid and Powder Coating

The Faraday-cage effect is the tendency of an electrostatic field to concentrate around the outer edges of a recess, making it difficult for charged coating particles to penetrate deeply into corners, channels, boxes, and enclosed shapes.

Reducing voltage, changing gun angle or distance, lowering powder velocity, using alternative nozzles, improving grounding, and adjusting the application sequence may improve penetration.

Featheredge

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, Maintenance Painting, Aerospace

A featheredge is a smooth, tapered transition between an existing coating and an exposed or repaired area. It is produced by sanding or other approved preparation.

A proper featheredge reduces a visible ridge and provides a gradual transition for the repair coating.

Feathering

Feathering can describe tapering the edge of an existing coating during surface preparation. In spray application, it may also describe gradually reducing coating deposition at the edge of a repair or blend area.

The intended meaning should be clear from the work procedure.

Ferrous Metal

Industry areas: Protective Coatings, OEM, Inspection

A ferrous metal is an iron-containing metal, such as carbon steel or cast iron. Ferrous substrates are generally subject to rusting when moisture and oxygen are present.

Magnetic dry-film thickness gauges are commonly used for nonmagnetic coatings applied over ferrous substrates.

Field Coat

Industry areas: Structural Steel, Protective Coatings, Construction

A field coat is applied at the construction site or service location rather than in a fabrication shop or manufacturing plant.

Field application may include full coats, repairs, touch-up, stripe coating, or coating of connections and areas left uncoated for fabrication or erection.

Film

A film is the continuous coating layer remaining on a substrate after application and the required drying, cooling, fusion, or curing process.

A film may be clear or pigmented, thin or high-build, decorative or protective.

Film Build

Film build describes the thickness developed by a coating during application. A high-build coating is designed to produce greater thickness per coat than a conventional thin-film product.

Excessive build can cause solvent entrapment, sagging, cracking, incomplete cure, mud cracking, or loss of flexibility. Insufficient build may reduce hiding and protection.

Film Formation

Film formation is the process by which an applied coating becomes a continuous film. It may occur through solvent or water evaporation, particle coalescence, chemical reaction, oxidation, cooling, melting and fusion, ultraviolet exposure, or a combination of mechanisms.

Application conditions that interfere with film formation can produce weak, porous, soft, cracked, or poorly adhered coatings.

Film Integrity

Film integrity is the continuity and soundness of a coating layer. A film with good integrity is sufficiently continuous and free from unacceptable cracks, pinholes, holidays, blisters, weak areas, or other disruptions.

Good appearance does not automatically prove film integrity, particularly in linings and immersion-service coatings.

Film Thickness

Film thickness is the distance between the coating surface and the underlying substrate or coating layer. It may be measured while wet or after drying and curing.

Film thickness affects coverage, hiding, cure, flexibility, appearance, corrosion protection, chemical resistance, and service life.

ASTM D4414 addresses wet-film thickness measurement using notched gauges.

Filter Efficiency

Industry areas: Spray Booths, Powder Recovery, Air Make-Up Systems

Filter efficiency describes how effectively a filter removes particles from an air stream under specified test conditions.

Filter selection should consider particle size, airflow, pressure drop, loading capacity, fire characteristics, process requirements, and applicable environmental regulations.

Fine-Finish Airless Tip

Industry areas: Airless Spray, Cabinet Finishing, Architectural Finishing

A fine-finish airless tip is designed to produce finer atomization at lower pressure than a standard airless tip when used with appropriate coatings and equipment.

It may improve finish quality and reduce overspray, but it does not turn every airless sprayer into an air-spray system. Pump condition, filtration, coating viscosity, pressure, and technique remain important.

Finish Coat

A finish coat is the final visible coating layer in a multicoat system. It may provide color, gloss, texture, weather resistance, chemical resistance, cleanability, or other service properties.

It is also commonly called a topcoat.

Fisheye

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, OEM, Wood Finishing, Industrial Coatings

A fisheye is a small crater-like defect in which wet coating pulls away from a localized area, frequently leaving a visible center.

Common causes include silicone, oil, grease, wax, polish, compressor contamination, incompatible additives, or other low-surface-energy contamination.

Flaking

Industry areas: All Coating Sectors

Flaking is the detachment of coating in chips, scales, or flakes. It indicates loss of adhesion between layers or at the substrate, or cohesive failure within a weak coating.

The underside of a flake can help identify the plane of separation.

Flame Cleaning

Industry areas: Surface Preparation, Structural Steel, Specialized Maintenance

Flame cleaning uses controlled flame and subsequent mechanical cleaning to remove certain surface contaminants, coatings, or corrosion products from steel.

It is a specialized method with significant fire, fume, and substrate-heating hazards. It should only be used when specified and performed under an approved procedure.

Flash Coat

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, Industrial Finishing

A flash coat is a relatively light coat applied as part of a multicoat procedure and allowed to flash before a subsequent coat.

The term may be used differently among manufacturers. Product-specific application instructions should govern film build and timing.

Flash Cure

Industry areas: Powder Coating, Multilayer Finishing, Specialty Coatings

A flash cure is a partial heating or curing step performed before applying another layer or completing the final cure.

The first layer must advance enough to support the next operation without becoming so fully cured that intercoat adhesion is reduced.

Flash-Off

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, OEM, Wood Finishing, Industrial Liquid Coatings

Flash-off is the interval during which solvent or water evaporates from an applied coating before another coat, handling step, or forced-cure cycle.

Insufficient flash-off can contribute to solvent popping, sagging, wrinkling, color-control problems, or trapped solvent. Excessive flash time may affect intercoat adhesion in some systems.

Flash Point

Industry areas: Safety, Storage, Spray Application, Transportation

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture under the conditions of a specified test.

Flash point is used in classification, storage, handling, transportation, and fire-safety decisions. It should not be confused with autoignition temperature.

Flash Rust

Industry areas: Waterjetting, Wet Abrasive Blasting, Waterborne Coatings

Flash rust is rapid oxidation that forms on freshly prepared steel when it is exposed to moisture and oxygen.

It is commonly encountered after waterjetting, wet abrasive blasting, washing, or the application of certain waterborne materials. Whether a particular degree of flash rust is acceptable depends on the coating system and project specification.

Flexibility

Industry areas: OEM, Coil Coating, Aerospace, Automotive, Roof Coatings

Flexibility is a coating’s ability to withstand bending, movement, or deformation without unacceptable cracking, detachment, or damage.

Flexibility depends on coating chemistry, thickness, cure, temperature, age, substrate, and deformation rate. ASTM D522/D522M covers mandrel-bend testing of attached organic coatings.

Floating and Flooding

Industry areas: Automotive, OEM, Industrial Finishing

Floating and flooding describe pigment separation or movement within a wet coating that causes uneven color or appearance.

Floating may create mottling or localized color variation, while flooding commonly produces a more uniform but unintended surface color. Terminology can vary with the coating sector.

Flow

Industry areas: Liquid and Powder Coatings

Flow is the ability of an applied coating to move and level before it sets, dries, cools, or cures.

Insufficient flow may leave orange peel, texture, brush marks, or poor leveling. Excessive flow can contribute to runs, sags, edge pullback, or loss of film thickness.

Flow Coat

Industry areas: Wood Finishing, Industrial Finishing, Specialty Application

Flow coating applies liquid coating by directing one or more streams over a part and allowing excess material to drain and recirculate.

It can coat complex shapes with less atomized overspray than spray application, but viscosity, drainage, contamination, circulation, and film uniformity must be controlled.

Flow Meter

A flow meter measures the rate at which air, liquid coating, water, gas, or another process material moves through a system.

In finishing operations, flow meters may support coating-ratio control, gun delivery, booth airflow, oven operation, pretreatment, electrocoat, or automated application.

Fluid Delivery System

A fluid delivery system moves liquid coating from its container or supply source to the application equipment. It may include pumps, pressure pots, tanks, agitators, filters, regulators, valves, manifolds, heaters, hoses, and circulation piping.

The system must be compatible with the coating and capable of delivering stable flow at the required pressure.

Fluid Hose

A fluid hose carries coating material, solvent, water, or another liquid between system components.

Hose selection must consider working pressure, burst rating, chemical compatibility, conductivity, internal diameter, length, temperature, flexibility, and fitting compatibility.

Fluid Needle

Industry areas: Air Spray, HVLP, Automatic Spray Guns

A fluid needle is a tapered gun component that opens and closes against the fluid nozzle to control coating flow.

The needle and nozzle are normally matched components. Wear, dried coating, damage, or incorrect adjustment can cause leakage, poor control, and an unstable pattern.

Fluid Nozzle

A fluid nozzle is the spray-gun component through which liquid coating exits before atomization. It may also be called a fluid tip.

Nozzle size is selected according to coating viscosity, solids, required flow, gun design, and finish requirements. The fluid nozzle must be compatible with the needle and air cap.

Fluid Pressure

Fluid pressure is the force used to move coating through a fluid-delivery and application system.

Required pressure depends on the technology. Pressure-pot air spray may use low fluid pressure, while airless equipment relies on high fluid pressure for atomization. Pressure should be measured at a meaningful location under operating conditions.

Fluid Regulator

A fluid regulator controls downstream liquid pressure to provide more stable coating delivery. It is commonly used in circulating systems, automatic-gun installations, plural-component equipment, and other controlled applications.

The regulator must be sized and constructed for the coating, flow rate, inlet pressure, outlet range, and cleaning requirements.

Fluidized Bed

Industry areas: Powder Coating

A fluidized bed is a container in which controlled air passes upward through powder, causing it to expand and behave like a fluid.

A preheated workpiece may be immersed in the fluidized powder so particles melt and fuse to the surface. Fluidized beds are also used to condition powder for spray application.

Fluidization

Fluidization is the process of passing controlled air through powder coating material so it becomes mobile and can be consistently transported or used in a dip process.

Poor fluidization can cause surging, uneven feed, craters, spits, or inconsistent film build.

Force Dry

Industry areas: Automotive Refinish, OEM, Wood Finishing

Force drying uses heated or controlled airflow to accelerate the removal of water or solvent from a coating.

Force drying may shorten handling time but does not necessarily provide chemical cure. Excessive heat or airflow can skin the surface, trap solvent, disturb metallic orientation, or produce other defects.

Force Cure

Force curing uses elevated temperature, radiation, ultraviolet energy, or another controlled energy source to accelerate or complete a coating’s curing reaction.

The required time and temperature may be based on actual part temperature rather than oven-air temperature.

Fracture Mode

Industry areas: Adhesion Testing, Failure Analysis, Quality Control

Fracture mode identifies where separation occurred during an adhesion test or coating failure. It may be adhesive between layers, cohesive within a layer, within the substrate, or within the test adhesive.

A pull-off value without the fracture mode provides incomplete information about the coating system.

Free Film

Industry areas: Laboratory Testing, Coating Evaluation

A free film is a cured coating film removed from or formed without permanent attachment to a substrate.

Free films may be used to evaluate tensile strength, elongation, permeability, and other material properties without the substrate influencing the measurement.

Fusion

Industry areas: Powder Coating, Thermoplastic Coatings, FBE

Fusion is the melting and flowing together of coating particles to form a continuous film.

In powder coating, fusion occurs during heating and precedes or accompanies cure, depending on whether the material is thermoplastic or thermosetting.

Fusion-Bonded Epoxy — FBE

Industry areas: Pipelines, Valves, Rebar, Water Infrastructure, Industrial Components

Fusion-bonded epoxy, commonly abbreviated FBE, is a thermosetting powder coating applied to a heated metal surface. The powder melts, flows, chemically reacts, and forms a continuous epoxy film.

FBE is widely used for pipelines, fittings, valves, reinforcing steel, and components requiring corrosion protection. Surface preparation, preheat temperature, powder application, cure, thickness, cooling, and holiday inspection must be controlled.

Referenced Standards and Industry Resources

• The Electrocoat Association — What Is Electrocoating?
• ASTM D4414 — Measurement of Wet-Film Thickness by Notch Gauges
• ASTM D522/D522M — Mandrel-Bend Test of Attached Organic Coatings
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.107 — Spray Finishing
• NFPA 33 — Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials
• Powder Coating Institute — Powder Coating Glossary

Continue Exploring the Language of Finishing

This E–F installment is part of The Language of Finishing: A Paint and Coatings Industry Glossary. Additional installments will continue through the remaining alphabet, followed by a dedicated standards, organizations, and acronym index.

Technical Notice: This glossary provides general educational definitions. Terminology can vary among industries, manufacturers, standards organizations, contracts, and jurisdictions. Always consult the coating manufacturer’s current technical data sheet, safety data sheet, equipment instructions, project specification, and complete current edition of any referenced standard.

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Tags: coatings glossary E-F, electrostatic coating, electrocoat terminology, epoxy coatings, elastomeric coatings, film thickness, fluid delivery systems, flash rust, Faraday cage effect