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2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Calibration and Ratio Verification
Last Updated: 10/04/2026
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2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers

Article 15 of 24

Calibration and Independent Ratio Verification

Confirming that the system's measurements and the material delivered to production agree

Trust Must Be Supported by Measurement

An electronic display may show the correct recipe, target ratio, and normal operating status while the actual material delivery is incorrect. A worn meter, leaking valve, incorrect calibration factor, pressure imbalance, restricted line, or wrong material density can create an error that is not obvious from the finished spray pattern.

Professional ratio control therefore requires two related but different activities: calibrating the measuring system and independently verifying the delivered component ratio.

Learning Objectives

After completing this article, the learner should be able to:

  • Distinguish equipment calibration from ratio verification.
  • Explain how meter calibration factors affect reported material delivery.
  • Perform a controlled volumetric or gravimetric ratio check.
  • Correct a weight-based test for differences in component density.
  • Recognize conditions that can invalidate a ratio test.
  • Establish appropriate verification frequency and acceptance criteria.
  • Document and investigate failed tests without concealing evidence.

Calibration and Ratio Verification Are Different

Calibration

Calibration establishes or confirms the relationship between a measuring device's signal and the actual quantity delivered. For a flow meter, this may involve collecting a known amount of material and adjusting or confirming the meter's calibration factor. For a pump-based system, calibration may relate pump displacement, stroke signals, or dosing events to actual volume.

Independent Ratio Verification

Ratio verification separately collects or measures the components delivered during a controlled test and compares the result with the coating manufacturer's required ratio. It asks whether the complete dosing process is delivering the correct relationship among Components A, B, and, when applicable, C.

A successful calibration does not eliminate the need for a ratio check. Calibration evaluates measurement accuracy. Ratio verification evaluates the combined result of measurement, controls, valves, pumps, pressure balance, and component delivery.

Verify the Basis of the Required Ratio

Before testing, determine whether the coating manufacturer's ratio is specified by volume, by weight, or by another controlled method. A stated ratio of 4:1 by volume is not automatically equal to 4:1 by weight.

Components commonly have different densities. Comparing collected weights directly with a volumetric ratio can produce an incorrect conclusion. The approved technical data sheet and written coating manufacturer's instructions establish the required ratio basis.

Flow-Meter Calibration

Many electronic systems use positive-displacement, gear, Coriolis, or other flow-measurement technologies. The controller converts the meter signal into a reported volume or mass using a stored calibration value.

A controlled calibration generally includes:

  1. Confirming that the correct material is installed and properly conditioned.
  2. Removing air from the material supply and measurement path.
  3. Stabilizing material temperature, pressure, and flow.
  4. Taring a clean, compatible collection container.
  5. Dispensing the manufacturer-required test quantity.
  6. Measuring the actual collected quantity with suitable equipment.
  7. Comparing actual quantity with the system-reported quantity.
  8. Entering or confirming the calibration factor as directed by the equipment manufacturer.
  9. Repeating the test to confirm that the result is reproducible.

Calibration procedures vary substantially among meters and proportioners. Do not transfer a calibration procedure or factor from one equipment model, meter size, or material to another.

Mechanical and Pump-Based Calibration

Some proportioners determine component delivery through known pump displacement, pump-stroke measurement, dosing-cylinder movement, or mechanically fixed displacement relationships rather than independent flow meters.

Verification of these systems may require inspection of:

  • Pump or dosing-cylinder displacement
  • Stroke sensors and switching points
  • Check valves and inlet or outlet valve sealing
  • Packing leakage and bypass
  • Air entrainment or pump cavitation
  • Pressure balance between component streams
  • Wear that changes effective displacement

A stroke signal proves that movement occurred. It does not always prove that the full expected amount of liquid was delivered.

Preparing for an Independent Ratio Check

Before collecting material:

  • Review the proportioner's ratio-check procedure.
  • Confirm the coating's required ratio and whether it is by volume or weight.
  • Confirm the applicable component densities at the test temperature.
  • Verify that the selected recipe uses the correct materials.
  • Condition and circulate materials as required.
  • Remove air from the supply and test passages.
  • Stabilize pressures and material temperature.
  • Use clean, dry, chemically compatible collection containers.
  • Use a verified scale or appropriate graduated measuring vessel.
  • Provide safe containment for reactive and hazardous materials.

Volumetric Ratio Verification

A volumetric test separately collects the component quantities delivered during the same controlled dosing sequence. The measured volumes are compared with the required volumetric ratio.

Delivered Ratio = Component A Volume ÷ Component B Volume

For a specified 4:1 ratio by volume, a representative result might be 400 milliliters of Component A and 100 milliliters of Component B. The delivered ratio is 400 divided by 100, or 4:1.

Graduated containers must have adequate resolution for the quantity being collected. Small quantities measured in large, coarse containers can create a large reading error.

Gravimetric Ratio Verification

Weight-based collection can provide good measurement resolution and reduce errors caused by reading a liquid meniscus. However, the calculation must follow the basis of the specified ratio.

When the Specification Is by Weight

Tare each container, collect each component, and compare the net component weights directly with the required weight ratio.

Weight Ratio = Net Weight of A ÷ Net Weight of B

When the Specification Is by Volume

Convert each component's collected weight into volume using its verified density. Then compare the calculated volumes.

Component Volume = Net Component Weight ÷ Component Density

Density units must agree with the weight and volume units used in the calculation. Material temperature, entrained air, settling, and incorrect sampling can affect the density result.

Density-Corrected Example

Assume a coating requires a 4:1 ratio by volume. During the ratio check, the following net weights are collected:

  • Component A: 480 grams
  • Component A density: 1.20 grams per milliliter
  • Component B: 110 grams
  • Component B density: 1.10 grams per milliliter

Convert each weight to volume:

  • Component A volume: 480 ÷ 1.20 = 400 milliliters
  • Component B volume: 110 ÷ 1.10 = 100 milliliters

Delivered Volumetric Ratio = 400 ÷ 100 = 4:1

Comparing the raw weights alone would produce approximately 4.36:1, which would incorrectly suggest a ratio error. Density correction shows that the volumetric delivery is 4:1.

Do Not Assume Published Density Is Always Current

Density from a technical data sheet may be appropriate when the coating manufacturer confirms that it applies to the material, batch, and temperature being tested. For critical verification, facility procedures may require density to be confirmed from a representative, conditioned sample.

ASTM D1475 provides a recognized test method for the density of liquid coatings, inks, and related products. ISO 2811-1 specifies a pycnometer method for determining the density of paints and varnishes. Use the method required by the coating specification, quality plan, or manufacturer.

Verifying a 3K System

A three-component system requires independent evaluation of Component C as well as A and B. Component C may be proportioned relative to Component A, relative to the combined A-and-B flow, or according to another equipment-specific method.

Do not assume that a displayed A:B:C ratio uses the same mathematical basis as another manufacturer's controller. The equipment manual and coating recipe must define:

  • The reference component for each ratio
  • Whether the ratio is volumetric or gravimetric
  • The point at which Component C is introduced
  • The permitted tolerance for each component relationship
  • The approved collection and calculation procedure

Test Under Representative Conditions

A ratio check should represent the operating range the system must control. A system may perform correctly at steady, high flow but behave differently during short trigger cycles, low-flow operation, rapid starts and stops, or simultaneous demand from multiple guns.

Depending on the application, qualification may include:

  • Normal production flow
  • The lowest expected production flow
  • The highest expected production flow
  • Short automatic-gun trigger cycles
  • Multiple guns operating simultaneously
  • The full approved material-temperature range
  • Each materially different recipe or component combination

Conditions That Can Invalidate the Test

Condition Why It Matters
Air in a component stream A meter or pump may register movement that does not represent the expected amount of liquid.
Unstable supply pressure Component flow can change during the test and may not represent controlled production.
Material not conditioned Settling, separation, temperature, or viscosity may make the sample unrepresentative.
Leaking ratio-check valve Material may enter the wrong container or bypass the intended collection point.
Improperly sized container Poor graduations or an unstable scale reading can create excessive measurement uncertainty.
Wrong density value A gravimetric check of a volumetric ratio will produce an incorrect calculated result.
Too little material collected Small reading errors become a large percentage of the measured quantity.

Acceptance Tolerance

The allowable ratio tolerance should come from the coating manufacturer, coating specification, approved process plan, or written engineering requirement. It should not be invented by the operator or copied from an unrelated material.

The equipment's advertised accuracy is not automatically the same as the coating's allowable ratio tolerance. Equipment capability, measurement uncertainty, and material requirements must all be considered.

A facility should define whether acceptance is based on a single result, repeated results, an average, or another approved statistical rule. Repeated tests should demonstrate reasonable reproducibility.

When Ratio Verification Should Be Performed

The required frequency should be risk-based and documented. Common verification points include:

  • Initial system commissioning
  • Before qualifying a new coating or recipe
  • At the beginning of a production campaign when required by the quality plan
  • At scheduled production or maintenance intervals
  • After meter, pump, valve, sensor, controller, or software service
  • After changing a calibration factor
  • After an unexplained ratio alarm or dosing fault
  • When coating cure, adhesion, appearance, or performance is questionable
  • Before returning a repaired system to unrestricted production

A Failed Test Is Evidence—Do Not Adjust It Away

When a ratio test fails, preserve the original result. Do not repeatedly change pressures, calibration factors, tolerances, or recipes until a passing number appears.

Confirm the test method first. Then investigate material identity, density, air entrainment, supply pressure, filters, valves, meters, pumps, leaks, restrictions, controller settings, and recent maintenance. Determine whether production material may have been affected and place questionable work on hold.

Troubleshooting a Failed Ratio Check

Observation Investigate
Results vary widely Air, unstable pressure, sticking valves, pump cavitation, leakage, inconsistent collection, or insufficient sample size.
Result is repeatable but incorrect Wrong recipe, calibration factor, density, ratio basis, component assignment, pump displacement, or valve timing.
Correct at high flow but not low flow Meter resolution, dose size, valve response, short trigger cycles, pressure balance, or low-flow calibration.
Component B delivery is low Catalyst filter restriction, empty supply, cavitation, viscosity, regulator setting, leaking check valve, or worn dosing component.
Display and collection disagree Calibration factor, unit conversion, meter signal, scale accuracy, container tare, density correction, or collection-point configuration.

Documentation and Traceability

A calibration or ratio-verification record should include:

  • Date, time, system identification, and test location
  • Operator or technician performing the test
  • Coating manufacturer, product, batch, and recipe
  • Required ratio and whether it is by volume or weight
  • Component temperatures, pressures, and relevant flow conditions
  • Scale, measuring vessel, and density source used
  • Raw collected quantities and all calculations
  • Calibration factors before and after adjustment
  • Required tolerance and pass-or-fail decision
  • Corrective action and retest results
  • Disposition of material or parts potentially produced off ratio

Safety During Testing

Ratio checks may expose personnel to pressurized resin, hardener, catalyst, reducer, or solvent. Follow the equipment manufacturer's pressure-relief and test procedures. Use compatible containers, control splashing, maintain ventilation, and prevent unintended spray or injection exposure.

Separately collected components may still be hazardous and reactive. Do not combine test samples or place them into a common waste container unless the coating manufacturer's safety information and the facility's waste procedure permit it.

Key Takeaways

  • Calibration and independent ratio verification serve different purposes.
  • The required ratio must be identified as volumetric, gravimetric, or another approved basis.
  • Raw component weights cannot be compared directly with a volume ratio unless density is considered.
  • Three-component systems require verification of Component C as well as A and B.
  • Testing should represent the actual production flow range and triggering behavior.
  • Acceptance tolerances must come from an authorized technical requirement.
  • A failed test must be preserved, investigated, corrected, and repeated.
  • Complete records support traceability and proper disposition of affected work.

Knowledge Check

  1. What is the difference between calibration and independent ratio verification?
  2. Why can a 4:1 ratio by volume differ from a 4:1 ratio by weight?
  3. How is collected weight converted to component volume?
  4. Why should a system be tested at more than one production flow condition?
  5. Who should establish the acceptable ratio tolerance?
  6. What should happen when a ratio-verification test fails?

Answer Guide

  1. Calibration confirms the relationship between a measuring signal and actual delivery; ratio verification checks the relationship among the independently delivered components.
  2. The components may have different densities.
  3. Divide the net collected weight by the component's verified density using consistent units.
  4. Meter resolution, valve response, pressure balance, and dosing behavior may change across the operating range.
  5. The coating manufacturer, approved coating specification, or authorized process requirement.
  6. Preserve the result, stop or hold affected production, identify the cause, correct it, and complete a passing retest before release.

Professional responsibility: Follow the current coating manufacturer's approved ratio, tolerance, density, technical data, and safety instructions. Follow the equipment manufacturer's calibration, ratio-check, pressure-relief, and maintenance procedures. When requirements conflict or remain unclear, obtain written technical direction before placing the system into production.

Copyright © 2026 Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, stored, or used in any form without prior written permission from Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC, except for brief quotations used with proper attribution.

AirSprayTech.com — The Finishing Authority®



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 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 03: Evaluating the Structure and Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 04: Protective Coatings as the Primary Barrier
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 05: Selecting the Correct Coating System
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 06: Surface Cleanliness and Contaminant Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 07: Abrasive Blasting and Surface-Preparation Standards
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 08: Surface Profile and Anchor Pattern
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 09: Environmental Conditions and Dew Point Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 10: Selecting Coating Systems for the Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 11: Primers and Their Role in Corrosion Protection
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 12: Intermediate Coats, Finish Coats, and Stripe Coating
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 13: Coating Application Methods and Spray Technique
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 14: Coating Mixing, Thinning, Induction Time, and Pot Life
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 15: Wet Film and Dry Film Thickness Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 16: Holidays, Pinholes, and Discontinuity Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 17: Coating Adhesion Testing and Failure Interpretation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 18: Coating Defects and Failure Diagnosis
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 19: How Coatings and Cathodic Protection Work Together
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 20: Final Inspection, Repair Verification, and Project Documentation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Certificate of Completion Request
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Protective Linings: What They Are and Why They Fail
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - Understanding the Lining Service Environment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Selecting a Lining for the Material Being Contained
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Epoxy Linings and Where They Are Used
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Novolac Epoxy Linings for Severe Chemical Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Vinyl Ester and Polyester Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Polyurethane, Polyurea, and Elastomeric Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Cementitious and Specialty Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Inspecting Steel and Concrete Before Lining Work Begins
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Preparing Steel for Protective-Lining Application
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - Preparing Concrete for Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Moisture in Concrete: When a Lining Should Not Be Applied
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Environmental Conditions, Dew Point, and Condensation Control
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Mixing, Induction Time, Pot Life, and Material Temperature
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Applying High-Build and Plural-Component Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Stripe Coating, Edges, Welds, Penetrations, and Difficult Areas
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 18 of 20 - Film Thickness, Recoat Windows, Curing, and Return to Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 19 of 20 - Inspecting Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 20 of 20 - Final Acceptance, Repairs, and Lining Maintenance
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Why Moisture Causes Coating and Flooring Fail
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 03 of 20 - Moisture Vapor Versus Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - How Moisture Moves Through Concrete
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Sources of Moisture in Concrete Slabs and Str
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Recognizing Moisture-Related Coating Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Relative-Humidity Testing of Concrete Slabs
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Calcium-Chloride Moisture-Vapor-Emission Test
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Electronic Moisture Meters and Surface-Moistu
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Concrete pH and Alkalinity at the Bond Line
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Dew Point, Condensation, and Environmental Co
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Osmotic Blistering, Delamination, and Efflore
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - When a Coating Should Not Be Applied
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Selecting a Moisture-Mitigation System
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Surface Preparation for Moisture-Mitigation M
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Applying Moisture-Mitigation Membranes
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Pinholes, Holidays, and Membrane Inspection
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Primers, Underlayments, Adhesives, and System
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 18 - Repairing Coating and Flooring Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 19 - Documentation, Warranties, and Contractor Liability
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 20 - Complete Moisture-Management Plan
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Course Assessment
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Certificate Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings - Course Overview
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 01 of 24 | What Floor Coatings Must Do
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 03 of 24 | Evaluating Existing Concrete and Previous Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Floor-Coating Failure
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 05 of 24 | Removing Oil, Grease and Chemical Contamination
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 06 of 24 | Mechanical Surface Preparation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 07 of 24 | Concrete Surface Profile and Preparation Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 08 of 24 | Repairing Cracks, Joints, Spalls and Damaged Concrete
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 09 of 24 | Primers, Patches, Underlayments and Moisture Mitigation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 10 of 24 | Understanding Resinous Floor-Coating Chemistries
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 11 of 24 | Epoxy Floor-Coating Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 12 of 24 | Polyurethane and Polyaspartic Floor Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 13 of 24 | Urethane-Cement Flooring for Heavy-Duty and Sanitary Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 14 of 24 | Methyl Methacrylate and Rapid-Return Flooring Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 15 of 24 | Broadcast, Slurry, Mortar, and Self-Leveling Floor Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 16 of 24 | Slip Resistance, Texture, Cleanability, and Appearance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 17 of 24 | Coves, Drains, Penetrations, Edges, and Floor Transitions
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 18 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, Pot Life, and Installation Sequence
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 19 of 24 | Coverage, Film Thickness, Aggregate, and Material Control
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 20 of 24 | Environmental Conditions, Cure, Recoat Windows, and Return to Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 21 of 24 | Warehouse, Manufacturing, Vehicle and Aircraft-Hangar Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 22 of 24 | Food, Beverage, Sanitary, Healthcare and Cleanroom Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, Defects and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating, Documentation, Warranties, Maintenance and Final Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Final Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 00 Certificate Program
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 01 of 25: What They Must Dand
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 02 of 25 | Coatings vs. Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 03 of 25 | Roof Assemblies and Substrates
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 04 of 25 | Reading the Specification
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 05 of 25 | Codes, Fire, Wind, and Energy
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 06 of 25 | New-Construction Readiness
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 07 of 25 | Restore or Replace
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 08 of 25 | Roof Moisture Surveys
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 09 of 25 | Drainage and Ponding Water
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 10 of 25 | Repairs Before Coating
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 11 of 25 | Cleaning and Contamination Removal
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 12 of 25 | Surface Preparation by Substrate
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 13 of 25 | Adhesion Testing
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 14 of 25 | Primers and Tie Coats
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 15 of 25 | Elastomeric Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 16 of 25 | Acrylic Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 17 of 25 | Silicone Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 18 of 25 | Polyurethane Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 19 of 25 | PMMA Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 20 of 25 | Polyurea Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 21 of 25 | Spray Equipment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 22 of 25 | Weather and Cure
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 23 of 25 | Inspection and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 24 of 25 | Specifications and Warranties
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 25 of 25 | Technical Glossary
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Certificate Request
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Overview
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 01 of 24 | The Contractor’s Role
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 02 of 24 | Plans, Specifications and Scope
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 03 of 24 | Site Survey and Prejob Evaluation
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 04 of 24 | MUTCD Marking Fundamentals
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 05 of 24 | Accessible Parking Spaces
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 06 of 24 | Fire Lanes and Restricted Areas
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 07 of 24 | Parking-Lot Layout and Traffic Flow
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 08 of 24 | Measuring and Layout Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 09 of 24 | Pavement and Existing Markings
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 10 of 24 | Surface Preparation and Marking Removal
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 11 of 24 | Selecting Marking Materials
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 12 of 24 | Marking Coating Chemistries
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 13 of 24 | Glass Beads and Retroreflectivity
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 14 of 24 | Striping Machines, Guns and Tips
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 15 of 24 | Equipment Setup and Spray Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 16 of 24 | Width, Thickness and Coverage
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 17 of 24 | Stencils, Symbols and Arrows
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 18 of 24 | Weather, Moisture, Drying and Cure
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 19 of 24 | Work-Zone Traffic Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 20 of 24 | Crew Positioning, Communication and PPE
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 21 of 24 | Estimating Line Striping Work
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 22 of 24 | Scheduling and Managing Crews
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Defects and Acceptance
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 24 of 24 | Documentation, Maintenance and Growth
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Assessment
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Certificate Request
 > Academy Educational Standards and Editorial Policy
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Purpose and Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Chemical Exposure Variables
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete and Steel Structures
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Failure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Embedded Concrete Contamination
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Mechanical Concrete Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Steel Surface Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Vinyl Ester Systems
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Fiberglass-Reinforced Linings
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Coves, Joints, Drains, and Penetrations
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, and Pot Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Application Methods and Equipment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Film Thickness and Continuity
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Environmental Conditions and Cure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, and Final Acceptance
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Defects, Failure Analysis, and Repairs
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Spill Response and Return to Service
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating and Contractor Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Understanding the System
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Ratios and Stoichiometry
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Pot Life and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Materials and Applications
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 05 of 24 | Reading the Documents
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 06 of 24 | How Proportioners Work
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Selecting a Proportioner
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Pails, Drums, Totes, and Feed Pumps
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Pumps and Ratio Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Material Conditioning
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 11 of 24 | Heating and Temperature Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Filters, Valves, Gauges, and Sensors
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 13 of 24 | Manifolds and Mixers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Spray Guns, Tips, and Chambers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Building a Mobile Rig
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Hoses and Connections
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Calibration and Ratio Testing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Jobsite Setup and Startup
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Pressure and Spray Technique
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Film Thickness and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Correcting Off-Ratio Material
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Shutdown and Flushing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Troubleshooting and Maintenance
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Final Acceptance
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24: Understanding Production Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24: Reactive Coating Chemistries
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24: Components A, B, and C
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24: Mixing Ratios and Tolerances
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 05 of 24: Viscosity and Temperature
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24: Material Supply Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24: Metering and Dosing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24: Static and Dynamic Mixing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Pot Life and Mixed Volume
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Flushing and Color Change
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Pressure and Flow Control
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Applicators and Atomization
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Color Change and Multiple-Hardener System Design
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Pot Life and Production Interruptions
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Flow, Pressure, Alarms, and Interlocks
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: Startup, Production, and Shutdown
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Solvent and Waste Reduction
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Containing Off-Ratio Material
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Troubleshooting Ratio, Flow, Pressure, and Mixing Problems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Production Operating Procedures
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Worker and Facility Safety
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24: Quality Control and Traceability
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: System Acceptance and Lifecycle Management
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers | Course Assessment
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 01 of 24: What Protective Systems Must Do
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 02 of 24: Mapping the Treatment Process
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 03 of 24: Defining Exposure Zones
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 04 of 24: Reading Project Requirements
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 05 of 24: Potable-Water Certification
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 06 of 24: Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 07 of 24: Evaluating Existing Concrete
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 08 of 24: Evaluating Existing Steel
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Cleaning and Decontamination
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Concrete Repair and Surface Rebuilding
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Steel Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Moisture and Environmental Control
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Confined-Space Safety
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Selecting Lining Chemistries
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Potable-Water Infrastructure
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: High-Build Wastewater Linings
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Resurfacers, Mortars, and Membranes
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Transitions
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Material Storage, Mixing, Plural-Component Equipment, and Application Planning
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Inspection, Testing, and Quality-Control Documentation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Defects, Failure Analysis, and Coating Repairs
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: Estimating, Closeout, Warranties, and Lifecycle Maintenance
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Course Assessment
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request