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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Concrete Repair and Surface Rebuilding
Last Updated: 10/04/2026
AirSprayTech Academy Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Certificate Program

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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24

Repairing Concrete, Rebuilding Surfaces, and Correcting Deterioration

A protective lining cannot restore missing concrete, replace structural capacity, or correct active deterioration. The substrate must first be evaluated, repaired, and rebuilt into a sound surface capable of supporting the specified system.

Coatings Protect Concrete; They Do Not Reconstruct It

Concrete in water and wastewater facilities may be weakened by chemical attack, reinforcement corrosion, erosion, abrasion, freeze-thaw damage, cracking, leakage, poor consolidation, or long-term exposure to moisture and treatment chemicals.

Applying a high-build coating over unsound concrete does not correct the underlying condition. The lining may remain attached to a thin surface layer while that layer separates from the concrete beneath it. The apparent coating failure is then actually a substrate failure.

Structural Repairs Require Qualified Design

Coating contractors should recognize concrete deterioration, document what they find, and perform repairs that are within their qualifications and contractual responsibility. They should not independently design structural repairs, remove critical concrete, cut reinforcing steel, or change the configuration of a structure unless the work is supported by approved repair documents.

When deterioration affects structural capacity, reinforcing steel, wall thickness, liquid containment, joints, foundations, or load-bearing components, the owner should obtain direction from a licensed design professional experienced in concrete assessment and repair.

Determine Why the Concrete Deteriorated

A repair should address the cause of deterioration, not merely fill the visible cavity. Before selecting a repair material, determine the exposure, moisture condition, depth of damage, structural significance, and probable deterioration mechanism.

  • Biogenic sulfuric-acid attack in wastewater headspaces
  • Chemical attack from acids, alkalis, disinfectants, or industrial discharge
  • Corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel
  • Carbonation or chloride intrusion
  • Erosion, abrasion, cavitation, or high-velocity flow
  • Freeze-thaw exposure and saturation
  • Cracking caused by movement, shrinkage, settlement, or overload
  • Leakage through cracks, joints, penetrations, or failed waterstops
  • Honeycombing, voids, fins, form offsets, and poor consolidation
  • Previous repairs that are incompatible, poorly bonded, or deteriorated

Define the Repair Area

Visible damage does not always show the full extent of unsound concrete. Delamination may extend beyond a spall, and chemically weakened concrete may remain in place even though the surface appears solid.

Investigation may include:

  • Visual examination under adequate lighting
  • Hammer sounding or chain dragging where appropriate
  • Probing cracks, voids, and deteriorated areas
  • Measuring the depth and area of material loss
  • Locating reinforcing steel, utilities, conduits, and embedded components
  • Measuring pH or evaluating chemical attack when specified
  • Bond, tensile, compressive, or other testing directed by the project documents
  • Engineering evaluation when structural deterioration is suspected

Removal Can Affect Structural Stability

Removing deteriorated concrete changes the section of the structure and can reduce support around reinforcing steel. Overhead work, deep removals, large repair areas, thin walls, prestressed components, and repairs around heavily corroded reinforcement may require engineered sequencing, temporary shoring, or other controls.

Before demolition begins, confirm the permitted removal limits, work sequence, structural restrictions, utility locations, containment requirements, and stopping conditions.

Remove All Unsound Concrete

Deteriorated concrete should be removed to the limits required by the repair documents. The remaining concrete must be sound enough to support the repair material and the protective coating or lining.

Removal methods may include:

  • Chipping with properly sized pneumatic or electric tools
  • Scarifying, grinding, milling, or scabbling
  • Abrasive blasting
  • Hydrodemolition or high-pressure water removal
  • Saw cutting used carefully to establish repair boundaries when specified

Aggressive impact tools can bruise or microcrack the concrete left behind. The selected method should remove the damaged material without unnecessarily weakening the repair substrate, damaging reinforcement, or cutting embedded utilities.

Establish Sound Repair Boundaries

Repairs should not taper to a feather edge unless the approved repair material is specifically designed for that application. Thin, unsupported edges can dry too quickly, crack, debond, or break under service conditions.

Repair boundaries should follow the project detail and provide the minimum depth required by the repair-material manufacturer. Saw cuts must not damage reinforcing steel, waterstops, embedded electrical components, post-tensioning systems, or other concealed items.

Treat Exposed Reinforcing Steel Correctly

Corroding reinforcement expands and can crack or delaminate the surrounding concrete. If steel is exposed during removal, the repair documents should define the required clearance, cleaning, evaluation, replacement, supplemental reinforcement, and corrosion treatment.

  • Remove loose rust, scale, concrete residue, and bond-inhibiting contamination as specified.
  • Clean the back side of reinforcement when the repair detail requires complete exposure.
  • Report significant section loss, broken bars, damaged welds, or displaced reinforcement.
  • Do not cut, heat, bend, weld, or replace reinforcement without authorization.
  • Apply reinforcing-steel primers, corrosion inhibitors, or protective treatments only when specified and compatible with the repair system.

Select Repair Materials for the Exposure

The repair material becomes part of the lining substrate. It must be suitable for the repair geometry, placement method, environmental conditions, cure schedule, chemical exposure, moisture condition, and protective system that will be applied over it.

Important selection properties include:

  • Bond to the prepared concrete
  • Compressive, tensile, and flexural properties
  • Modulus of elasticity and compatibility with the existing concrete
  • Shrinkage and dimensional stability
  • Required placement thickness and orientation
  • Vertical, overhead, formed, pumped, troweled, or sprayed application capability
  • Resistance to moisture, immersion, chemicals, abrasion, and thermal movement
  • Cure time and permitted time before coating
  • Moisture and surface-conditioning requirements
  • Compatibility with the primer, resurfacer, coating, or lining system

Common Categories of Repair Material

Cementitious Repair Mortars

Portland-cement and polymer-modified cementitious mortars are commonly used to replace deteriorated concrete and restore profile. They may require a saturated-surface-dry substrate, bonding treatment, moist curing, or a prescribed curing period before coating.

Calcium-Aluminate and Specialty Cementitious Materials

Specialty cementitious materials may be selected for rapid return to service or improved resistance in wastewater environments. Their use must follow the approved system design, because resistance varies with formulation and exposure.

Epoxy and Polymer Repair Materials

Epoxy mortars and other polymer materials can provide rapid strength, strong adhesion, and chemical resistance. Their thermal movement, moisture sensitivity, placement limits, exotherm, and compatibility with damp concrete must be considered.

Resurfacers and Underlayments

Cementitious or resinous resurfacers can fill widespread surface irregularities and establish a uniform substrate for the lining. A resurfacer should not be used to conceal active movement, unsound concrete, uncontrolled leakage, or structural deficiencies.

Prepare the Repair Substrate

The concrete receiving the repair must be sound, clean, and properly profiled. Dust, laitance, oil, grease, biological residue, chemicals, loose aggregate, and weakened concrete interfere with bond.

Surface profile and moisture condition should comply with the approved repair-material instructions. Some cementitious materials require a saturated-surface-dry condition. Some resinous products require dry concrete. These conditions are not interchangeable, and assumptions should not replace the manufacturer’s written instructions.

Mixing and Placement Control

Repair materials are engineered products. Changing the liquid ratio, adding unauthorized water, extending pot life, or mixing partial units incorrectly can change strength, shrinkage, permeability, cure, and bond.

  • Confirm product identity, batch numbers, shelf life, and storage condition.
  • Condition materials within the specified temperature range.
  • Use clean mixing equipment and the required mixer type.
  • Measure liquid accurately and mix for the specified time.
  • Observe working time, placement thickness, lift limitations, and recoat intervals.
  • Consolidate the material around reinforcement and into irregularities.
  • Do not place material that has begun to stiffen beyond its permitted working time.
  • Make test batches or field mockups when required.

Rebuild the Correct Geometry

Repair work should restore more than the approximate shape of the structure. The completed surface must provide the geometry needed for drainage, cleaning, lining continuity, inspection, and service.

  • Restore slopes toward drains and prevent unintended ponding.
  • Fill honeycombing, bugholes, voids, offsets, and abrupt irregularities.
  • Rebuild deteriorated wall bases, channels, benches, curbs, and equipment pads.
  • Form smooth transitions at penetrations, pipe entries, and embedded components.
  • Provide specified coves or fillets at inside corners.
  • Round or ease outside edges when required by the lining system.
  • Preserve designed movement joints instead of filling them rigidly without authorization.

Finish for the Lining, Not for Appearance Alone

A slick, steel-troweled repair may look attractive but provide inadequate profile for a bonded lining. A rough repair may trap air, create pinholes, produce excessive coating consumption, or prevent holiday-free coverage.

The required finish should be coordinated among the repair-material manufacturer, coating manufacturer, specification, and inspector. After curing, additional mechanical preparation may be required to remove laitance, expose sound material, and create the specified surface profile.

Cure and Protect the Repair

Repair materials need the specified temperature, moisture condition, and curing time to develop their intended properties. Premature drying, freezing, excessive heat, immersion, vibration, contamination, or early coating can damage the repair.

Membrane-forming curing compounds can interfere with coating adhesion unless expressly approved. If a curing compound is used, confirm its compatibility or the method required for its complete removal before the lining is applied.

Control Water Before Making the Repair

Running water, active leakage, and negative-side moisture can wash out cement, dilute resin, prevent bond, create voids, or cause uncured material to move. Active leaks must be controlled by an approved method before ordinary repair material is placed.

Leak-stopping materials, injection products, drainage systems, waterstops, and crack treatments perform different functions. The contractor should not select one solely because it hardens quickly. The repair must be appropriate for the water pressure, movement, exposure, and final lining system.

Inspect the Repair Before Coating

The repair should be accepted as a separate phase of work before coating preparation begins. Inspection may include:

  • Visual examination for cracks, voids, segregation, shrinkage, or incomplete filling
  • Sounding for delamination or hollow areas
  • Verification of dimensions, thickness, slopes, coves, edges, and transitions
  • Confirmation that specified curing has been completed
  • Moisture testing when required by the lining manufacturer
  • Surface-profile and cleanliness verification after final preparation
  • Pull-off adhesion or other testing when specified
  • Written acceptance of the repaired substrate

Common Repair Errors

  • Repairing only the visible spall while leaving surrounding delamination
  • Stopping removal before sound concrete is reached
  • Leaving feathered repair edges
  • Failing to clean behind exposed reinforcing steel when required
  • Adding excess water to improve workability
  • Placing outside the product’s temperature, thickness, or working-time limits
  • Using a repair material without confirming lining compatibility
  • Ignoring active water intrusion or joint movement
  • Coating before the repair has cured or reached the permitted moisture condition
  • Failing to document changed conditions and additional quantities

Contractor’s Field Checklist

  • Has the deterioration mechanism been identified?
  • Are structural repairs supported by approved repair documents?
  • Are demolition limits, sequencing, and stopping conditions defined?
  • Has all unsound concrete been removed?
  • Has exposed reinforcement been evaluated and treated as specified?
  • Is the repair substrate clean, sound, and properly conditioned?
  • Is the repair material suitable for the exposure and final lining?
  • Were mixing, placement, thickness, and curing requirements documented?
  • Has the required geometry and surface finish been restored?
  • Has the completed repair been inspected and accepted before coating?

Knowledge Check

1. Why can a well-adhered lining still fail over deteriorated concrete?

The lining may remain bonded to a weak surface layer while that layer separates from the concrete beneath it. The failure occurs within the substrate rather than at the coating interface.

2. Why should repair material not be selected only by compressive strength?

Successful repair also depends on bond, shrinkage, modulus, placement thickness, moisture condition, chemical exposure, application orientation, curing, and compatibility with the existing concrete and lining system.

3. When should the repaired concrete be inspected?

It should be inspected and accepted as a separate phase after placement and curing, but before final surface preparation and coating application begin.

Technical References and Further Study

  • ACI CODE-562-25, Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures—Code Requirements and Commentary. This code provides minimum requirements for assessing existing concrete and designing appropriate repair and rehabilitation work.
  • ACI PRC-546-23, Concrete Repair—Guide. This guide provides recommendations for selecting and applying materials and methods used to repair, protect, and strengthen concrete structures.
  • ACI PRC-546.3-23, Materials Selection for Concrete Repair—Guide. This document addresses selection of repair materials for common and special service environments.
  • ICRI Guideline No. 310.2R-2013, Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, Polymer Overlays, and Concrete Repair. This guideline describes preparation methods and concrete surface-profile benchmarks.
  • ICRI Guideline No. 320.1R-2019, Guide for Selecting Application Methods for the Repair of Concrete Surfaces.
  • ICRI Guideline No. 320.2R-2018, Guide for Selecting and Specifying Materials for Repair of Concrete Surfaces.
  • AMPP SSPC-SP 13/NACE No. 6-2024, Surface Preparation of Concrete. This standard addresses concrete cleanliness, strength, profile, and condition before application of bonded protective coating and lining systems.
  • The repair-material and coating manufacturers’ current technical data sheets, safety data sheets, installation instructions, compatibility requirements, and written project recommendations.

Standards, codes, specifications, and manufacturer instructions may be revised. Confirm the current edition and all project-specific requirements before beginning repair work.

Professional responsibility: This article provides foundational education. It does not authorize a coating contractor to design structural repairs or replace the judgment of a licensed design professional. Follow the approved repair documents, project specification, applicable codes, current manufacturer instructions, and facility safety requirements. Stop work and obtain written direction when deterioration differs from the documented conditions.

Copyright © 2026 Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this material may be reproduced, copied, distributed, republished, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC, except for brief quotations used with proper attribution.

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 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - 00 Course Overview
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 01: Understanding Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 02: Common Forms of Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 03: Evaluating the Structure and Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 04: Protective Coatings as the Primary Barrier
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 05: Selecting the Correct Coating System
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 06: Surface Cleanliness and Contaminant Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 07: Abrasive Blasting and Surface-Preparation Standards
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 08: Surface Profile and Anchor Pattern
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 09: Environmental Conditions and Dew Point Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 10: Selecting Coating Systems for the Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 11: Primers and Their Role in Corrosion Protection
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 12: Intermediate Coats, Finish Coats, and Stripe Coating
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 13: Coating Application Methods and Spray Technique
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 14: Coating Mixing, Thinning, Induction Time, and Pot Life
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 15: Wet Film and Dry Film Thickness Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 16: Holidays, Pinholes, and Discontinuity Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 17: Coating Adhesion Testing and Failure Interpretation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 18: Coating Defects and Failure Diagnosis
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 19: How Coatings and Cathodic Protection Work Together
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 20: Final Inspection, Repair Verification, and Project Documentation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Certificate of Completion Request
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Protective Linings: What They Are and Why They Fail
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - Understanding the Lining Service Environment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Selecting a Lining for the Material Being Contained
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Epoxy Linings and Where They Are Used
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Novolac Epoxy Linings for Severe Chemical Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Vinyl Ester and Polyester Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Polyurethane, Polyurea, and Elastomeric Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Cementitious and Specialty Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Inspecting Steel and Concrete Before Lining Work Begins
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Preparing Steel for Protective-Lining Application
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - Preparing Concrete for Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Moisture in Concrete: When a Lining Should Not Be Applied
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Environmental Conditions, Dew Point, and Condensation Control
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Mixing, Induction Time, Pot Life, and Material Temperature
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Applying High-Build and Plural-Component Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Stripe Coating, Edges, Welds, Penetrations, and Difficult Areas
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 18 of 20 - Film Thickness, Recoat Windows, Curing, and Return to Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 19 of 20 - Inspecting Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 20 of 20 - Final Acceptance, Repairs, and Lining Maintenance
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Why Moisture Causes Coating and Flooring Fail
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 03 of 20 - Moisture Vapor Versus Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - How Moisture Moves Through Concrete
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Sources of Moisture in Concrete Slabs and Str
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Recognizing Moisture-Related Coating Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Relative-Humidity Testing of Concrete Slabs
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Calcium-Chloride Moisture-Vapor-Emission Test
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Electronic Moisture Meters and Surface-Moistu
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Concrete pH and Alkalinity at the Bond Line
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Dew Point, Condensation, and Environmental Co
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Osmotic Blistering, Delamination, and Efflore
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - When a Coating Should Not Be Applied
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Selecting a Moisture-Mitigation System
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Surface Preparation for Moisture-Mitigation M
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Applying Moisture-Mitigation Membranes
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Pinholes, Holidays, and Membrane Inspection
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Primers, Underlayments, Adhesives, and System
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 18 - Repairing Coating and Flooring Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 19 - Documentation, Warranties, and Contractor Liability
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 20 - Complete Moisture-Management Plan
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Course Assessment
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Certificate Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings - Course Overview
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 01 of 24 | What Floor Coatings Must Do
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 03 of 24 | Evaluating Existing Concrete and Previous Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Floor-Coating Failure
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 05 of 24 | Removing Oil, Grease and Chemical Contamination
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 06 of 24 | Mechanical Surface Preparation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 07 of 24 | Concrete Surface Profile and Preparation Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 08 of 24 | Repairing Cracks, Joints, Spalls and Damaged Concrete
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 09 of 24 | Primers, Patches, Underlayments and Moisture Mitigation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 10 of 24 | Understanding Resinous Floor-Coating Chemistries
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 11 of 24 | Epoxy Floor-Coating Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 12 of 24 | Polyurethane and Polyaspartic Floor Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 13 of 24 | Urethane-Cement Flooring for Heavy-Duty and Sanitary Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 14 of 24 | Methyl Methacrylate and Rapid-Return Flooring Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 15 of 24 | Broadcast, Slurry, Mortar, and Self-Leveling Floor Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 16 of 24 | Slip Resistance, Texture, Cleanability, and Appearance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 17 of 24 | Coves, Drains, Penetrations, Edges, and Floor Transitions
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 18 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, Pot Life, and Installation Sequence
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 19 of 24 | Coverage, Film Thickness, Aggregate, and Material Control
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 20 of 24 | Environmental Conditions, Cure, Recoat Windows, and Return to Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 21 of 24 | Warehouse, Manufacturing, Vehicle and Aircraft-Hangar Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 22 of 24 | Food, Beverage, Sanitary, Healthcare and Cleanroom Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, Defects and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating, Documentation, Warranties, Maintenance and Final Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Final Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 00 Certificate Program
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 01 of 25: What They Must Dand
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 02 of 25 | Coatings vs. Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 03 of 25 | Roof Assemblies and Substrates
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 04 of 25 | Reading the Specification
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 05 of 25 | Codes, Fire, Wind, and Energy
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 06 of 25 | New-Construction Readiness
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 07 of 25 | Restore or Replace
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 08 of 25 | Roof Moisture Surveys
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 09 of 25 | Drainage and Ponding Water
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 10 of 25 | Repairs Before Coating
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 11 of 25 | Cleaning and Contamination Removal
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 12 of 25 | Surface Preparation by Substrate
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 13 of 25 | Adhesion Testing
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 14 of 25 | Primers and Tie Coats
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 15 of 25 | Elastomeric Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 16 of 25 | Acrylic Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 17 of 25 | Silicone Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 18 of 25 | Polyurethane Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 19 of 25 | PMMA Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 20 of 25 | Polyurea Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 21 of 25 | Spray Equipment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 22 of 25 | Weather and Cure
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 23 of 25 | Inspection and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 24 of 25 | Specifications and Warranties
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 25 of 25 | Technical Glossary
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Certificate Request
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Overview
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 01 of 24 | The Contractor’s Role
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 02 of 24 | Plans, Specifications and Scope
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 03 of 24 | Site Survey and Prejob Evaluation
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 04 of 24 | MUTCD Marking Fundamentals
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 05 of 24 | Accessible Parking Spaces
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 06 of 24 | Fire Lanes and Restricted Areas
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 07 of 24 | Parking-Lot Layout and Traffic Flow
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 08 of 24 | Measuring and Layout Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 09 of 24 | Pavement and Existing Markings
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 10 of 24 | Surface Preparation and Marking Removal
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 11 of 24 | Selecting Marking Materials
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 12 of 24 | Marking Coating Chemistries
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 13 of 24 | Glass Beads and Retroreflectivity
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 14 of 24 | Striping Machines, Guns and Tips
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 15 of 24 | Equipment Setup and Spray Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 16 of 24 | Width, Thickness and Coverage
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 17 of 24 | Stencils, Symbols and Arrows
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 18 of 24 | Weather, Moisture, Drying and Cure
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 19 of 24 | Work-Zone Traffic Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 20 of 24 | Crew Positioning, Communication and PPE
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 21 of 24 | Estimating Line Striping Work
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 22 of 24 | Scheduling and Managing Crews
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Defects and Acceptance
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 24 of 24 | Documentation, Maintenance and Growth
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Assessment
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Certificate Request
 > Academy Educational Standards and Editorial Policy
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Purpose and Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Chemical Exposure Variables
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete and Steel Structures
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Failure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Embedded Concrete Contamination
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Mechanical Concrete Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Steel Surface Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Vinyl Ester Systems
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Fiberglass-Reinforced Linings
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Coves, Joints, Drains, and Penetrations
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, and Pot Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Application Methods and Equipment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Film Thickness and Continuity
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Environmental Conditions and Cure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, and Final Acceptance
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Defects, Failure Analysis, and Repairs
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Spill Response and Return to Service
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating and Contractor Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Understanding the System
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Ratios and Stoichiometry
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Pot Life and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Materials and Applications
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 05 of 24 | Reading the Documents
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 06 of 24 | How Proportioners Work
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Selecting a Proportioner
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Pails, Drums, Totes, and Feed Pumps
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Pumps and Ratio Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Material Conditioning
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 11 of 24 | Heating and Temperature Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Filters, Valves, Gauges, and Sensors
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 13 of 24 | Manifolds and Mixers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Spray Guns, Tips, and Chambers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Building a Mobile Rig
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Hoses and Connections
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Calibration and Ratio Testing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Jobsite Setup and Startup
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Pressure and Spray Technique
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Film Thickness and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Correcting Off-Ratio Material
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Shutdown and Flushing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Troubleshooting and Maintenance
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Final Acceptance
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24: Understanding Production Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24: Reactive Coating Chemistries
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24: Components A, B, and C
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24: Mixing Ratios and Tolerances
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 05 of 24: Viscosity and Temperature
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24: Material Supply Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24: Metering and Dosing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24: Static and Dynamic Mixing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Pot Life and Mixed Volume
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Flushing and Color Change
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Pressure and Flow Control
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Applicators and Atomization
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Color Change and Multiple-Hardener System Design
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Pot Life and Production Interruptions
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Calibration and Ratio Verification
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Flow, Pressure, Alarms, and Interlocks
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: Startup, Production, and Shutdown
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Solvent and Waste Reduction
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Containing Off-Ratio Material
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Troubleshooting Ratio, Flow, Pressure, and Mixing Problems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Production Operating Procedures
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Worker and Facility Safety
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24: Quality Control and Traceability
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: System Acceptance and Lifecycle Management
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers | Course Assessment
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 01 of 24: What Protective Systems Must Do
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 02 of 24: Mapping the Treatment Process
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 03 of 24: Defining Exposure Zones
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 04 of 24: Reading Project Requirements
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 05 of 24: Potable-Water Certification
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 06 of 24: Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 07 of 24: Evaluating Existing Concrete
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 08 of 24: Evaluating Existing Steel
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Cleaning and Decontamination
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Steel Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Moisture and Environmental Control
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Confined-Space Safety
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Selecting Lining Chemistries
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Potable-Water Infrastructure
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: High-Build Wastewater Linings
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Resurfacers, Mortars, and Membranes
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Transitions
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Material Storage, Mixing, Plural-Component Equipment, and Application Planning
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Inspection, Testing, and Quality-Control Documentation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Defects, Failure Analysis, and Coating Repairs
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: Estimating, Closeout, Warranties, and Lifecycle Maintenance
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Course Assessment
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request