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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Potable-Water Infrastructure
Last Updated: 10/04/2026
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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24

Protective Systems for Potable-Water Tanks and Water Infrastructure

Potable-water coating work must protect the structure without introducing unacceptable substances into the water, while satisfying system-specific standards, certification limitations, cure requirements, inspection, disinfection, and owner acceptance.

Potable-Water Work Has Two Separate Performance Obligations

The protective system must perform as a coating or lining by adhering to the substrate, resisting water immersion, limiting corrosion or deterioration, and remaining serviceable for its intended life.

It must also comply with applicable drinking-water health-effects requirements. Product certification addresses the second obligation, but it does not by itself prove that the system is structurally appropriate, properly installed, or capable of providing the required service life.

NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 Is Not a General Performance Approval

NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 establishes minimum health-effects criteria for materials, products, components, and systems that contact drinking water. It addresses substances that could be imparted to the water.

The standard does not establish coating adhesion, corrosion resistance, taste and odor performance, support of microbial growth, structural performance, application quality, or expected service life.

A compliant potable-water project requires both an appropriately certified product and a technically suitable, properly installed protective system.

Verify the Exact Certification Listing

Do not rely only on an old data sheet, sales statement, container logo, or statement that a product “meets NSF requirements.” Verify the current listing through the recognized certification body’s official database.

Confirm:

  • Manufacturer and exact product name
  • Primer, lining, repair material, and other listed system components
  • Permitted colors and formulations when restricted
  • Minimum and maximum application thickness
  • Minimum tank size, pipe size, or surface-area-to-volume limitation
  • Permitted water-contact temperature
  • Required cure time and cure temperature
  • Application and use restrictions
  • Current certification status on the date of submittal and installation

Certification Applies to the Listed Product and Conditions

Certification of one coating does not automatically certify another product from the same manufacturer. It also does not authorize unlisted thinners, fillers, primers, repair products, accelerators, or modifications.

Field changes can move the installation outside the certified use. Obtain written approval before changing any listed component, thickness, color, cure condition, or application procedure.

Identify the Structure and Governing Standard

Potable-water infrastructure includes different substrates, fabrication methods, geometries, and service conditions. The applicable requirements may differ for welded steel tanks, bolted steel tanks, concrete reservoirs, steel pipe, fittings, valves, pumps, and treatment components.

Commonly referenced AWWA standards include:

  • AWWA D102: Coating steel water-storage tanks
  • AWWA D103: Factory-coated bolted carbon-steel tanks for water storage
  • AWWA C210: Liquid-epoxy coatings and linings for steel water pipe and fittings
  • AWWA C222: Polyurethane coatings and linings for steel water pipe and fittings
  • AWWA C550: Protective interior coatings for valves and hydrants

These standards have defined scopes. Do not cite one as a universal potable-water coating specification without confirming that it applies to the structure and work being performed.

Welded Steel Water-Storage Tanks

AWWA D102-24 provides minimum requirements for coating steel water-storage tanks, including materials, coating systems, surface preparation, application, inspection, and testing. It addresses interior and exterior coating of steel tanks in water-supply service.

Tank rehabilitation planning should address:

  • Structural inspection and repair before coating work
  • Corrosion, pitting, section loss, and roof-condition assessment
  • Weld seams, sharp edges, attachments, ladders, columns, and rafters
  • Interior immersion zones and exterior atmospheric zones
  • Condensation control and environmental conditions
  • Containment of abrasive, coating debris, dust, and overspray
  • Dry-film thickness, holidays, cure, disinfection, and return to service
  • Coordination with cathodic-protection components when present

Bolted Steel Tanks

Bolted tanks contain seams, bolts, washers, panel edges, gasketed joints, and factory-applied finishes that differ from welded-tank construction. The coating approach must account for the original tank system and the tank manufacturer’s requirements.

Field coating can bridge or interfere with gasketed joints, conceal fasteners, reduce future serviceability, or create stress at moving seams. Existing factory coatings may require compatibility testing and specialized preparation.

Do not automatically apply welded-tank details to a bolted tank. Confirm the applicable AWWA D103 requirements, tank-manufacturer recommendations, owner specifications, and approved repair details.

Concrete Tanks and Reservoirs

Concrete potable-water structures may require coating, lining, waterproofing, crack treatment, joint rehabilitation, or localized repair. The system must be compatible with the concrete’s moisture condition, movement, construction joints, penetrations, waterstops, and repair materials.

Evaluate:

  • Cracking, leakage, spalls, honeycombing, and exposed reinforcement
  • Previous coatings, sealers, and curing compounds
  • Moisture movement and negative-side water pressure
  • Surface profile, porosity, bugholes, and outgassing potential
  • Wall-to-floor transitions, columns, pipe penetrations, and joints
  • Whether the proposed system is rigid, flexible, reinforced, or designed to accommodate limited movement

Steel Pipe and Fittings

Shop-applied and field-applied pipe coatings must protect straight pipe, fittings, special sections, welded joints, connections, and field repairs without restricting assembly or leaving unprotected discontinuities.

AWWA C210-24 addresses liquid-epoxy coatings and linings for steel water pipe and fittings. AWWA C222-25 addresses polyurethane coatings and linings for steel water pipe and fittings.

Contractor planning should include:

  • Shop coating versus field coating responsibilities
  • Cutbacks and joint-coating procedures
  • Handling damage and holiday repair
  • Internal access, ventilation, and worker safety
  • Field-weld preparation and inspection
  • Continuity across fittings, flanges, and transitions
  • Final cure, disinfection, flushing, and acceptance

Valves, Hydrants, Pumps, and Mechanical Components

Mechanical components may contain complex internal geometry, machined surfaces, seals, bearings, elastomers, threaded areas, and close operating tolerances. Coating thickness or overspray in the wrong location can interfere with operation.

Follow the applicable component standard and manufacturer’s coating instructions. Protect machined surfaces, seal faces, threads, identification plates, moving components, instrumentation, and areas designated to remain uncoated.

Selecting the Interior Lining

Potable-water tank interiors commonly use approved epoxy or polyurethane systems, but generic chemistry does not determine suitability. Select the exact system based on current certification, substrate, tank design, water chemistry, operating temperature, application environment, owner requirements, and inspection plan.

Evaluate:

  • Continuous immersion capability
  • Adhesion to the specified substrate and primer
  • Permeability and corrosion protection
  • Required number of coats and total dry-film thickness
  • Edge retention and stripe-coat requirements
  • Application method and equipment
  • Pot life, recoat window, and cure requirements
  • Holiday-testing requirements
  • Repairability and future maintenance
  • Documented compatibility with disinfection procedures

Exterior Tank Systems

Exterior coatings must withstand weathering, ultraviolet exposure, condensation, temperature cycling, wind-driven rain, and atmospheric contaminants. Color and gloss retention may also be important to the owner.

Zinc-rich primers, epoxy intermediate coats, and polyurethane or other weather-resistant finishes are examples of system components that may be specified for steel exteriors. The exact system must be matched to the substrate, exposure, preparation, overcoat compatibility, and owner requirements.

Exterior decorative requirements should not distract from preparing roof plates, seams, ladders, handrails, stiffeners, bolts, welds, and inaccessible areas where corrosion often begins.

Interior and Exterior Conditions Are Different

The same tank can contain several exposure zones: continuously immersed interior steel, vapor-space steel, underside roof surfaces, exterior walls, roof exteriors, foundations, and condensation-prone structural members.

One coating system may not be appropriate for every zone. The coating schedule should clearly identify each surface and the complete system assigned to it.

Structural and Sanitary Defects Must Be Corrected

Coatings should not conceal structural damage, inaccessible corrosion, failed welds, open seams, leaking penetrations, damaged roofs, missing vent screens, or sanitary deficiencies.

Before coating, document and resolve:

  • Steel section loss, perforation, and deep pitting
  • Cracked, incomplete, or deteriorated welds
  • Concrete cracking, spalling, and exposed reinforcement
  • Leaking joints, penetrations, and waterstops
  • Unsanitary openings and defective vents
  • Drainage, overflow, access, ladder, and fall-protection deficiencies
  • Conditions differing from the bid documents

Stripe Coating and Difficult Geometry

Spray application tends to produce reduced film at sharp edges and irregular geometry. Stripe coating adds focused material to areas that are difficult to protect uniformly.

Areas commonly considered for stripe coating include:

  • Welds and weld seams
  • Edges and corners
  • Bolts, nuts, rivets, and attachments
  • Pits and irregular steel
  • Ladder connections, clips, brackets, and stiffeners
  • Pipe penetrations and difficult transitions

Follow the specified sequence. A stripe coat may be required before, between, or after full coats depending on the approved system.

Cure Is a Public-Health Requirement

A coating that feels hard may not be fully cured. Cure depends on the product, film thickness, temperature, ventilation, humidity, mixing accuracy, induction time, and time elapsed.

Filling a tank too soon can affect coating performance and may allow uncured components to contact the water. Follow the longest applicable cure requirement from the certification listing, manufacturer instructions, project specification, and owner’s written procedure.

Maintain and document environmental conditions throughout cure. If temperature falls below the required minimum or other conditions become unacceptable, obtain written direction before calculating the remaining cure period.

Inspection Before Disinfection

Final coating inspection may include:

  • Visual inspection for runs, sags, misses, pinholes, contamination, and incomplete coverage
  • Dry-film-thickness measurement on steel
  • Wet-film or material-consumption control where dry-film measurement is impractical
  • Holiday testing at the specified voltage and after the required cure
  • Adhesion testing when specified
  • Cure verification using the approved procedure
  • Inspection of welds, edges, penetrations, seams, bolts, and difficult geometry
  • Repair and retesting of all identified defects
  • Removal of debris, equipment, temporary materials, and contamination

Disinfection Does Not Correct an Uncured or Defective Lining

Disinfection is performed after the protective system has been completed, inspected, repaired, and adequately cured. It is not a method for removing uncured coating components or making a defective lining acceptable.

Use the owner’s approved disinfection, flushing, sampling, and bacteriological acceptance procedures. Confirm that the disinfectant concentration and contact time are compatible with the newly installed lining.

Potable-Water Project Documentation

  • Approved coating schedule and product submittals
  • Current certification listing and use restrictions
  • Product names, colors, batch numbers, and expiration dates
  • Surface-preparation records and inspection results
  • Environmental readings during application and cure
  • Mixing, thinning, induction, and application records
  • Wet-film and dry-film thickness records
  • Holiday-test settings, locations, results, and repairs
  • Cure-time calculations and release for disinfection
  • Disinfection, flushing, sampling, and water-quality acceptance records
  • Final photographs, punch-list completion, and owner acceptance

Contractor’s Field Checklist

  • Is the structure type and governing AWWA standard identified?
  • Has the exact product’s current NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 listing been verified?
  • Are all listing restrictions included in the work plan?
  • Have structural and sanitary deficiencies been documented and corrected?
  • Are surface preparation, profile, cleanliness, and moisture acceptable?
  • Are primers, linings, repair materials, and stripe coats part of the approved system?
  • Are thickness and environmental conditions documented?
  • Has the lining received its complete required cure?
  • Have all holidays and defects been repaired and retested?
  • Has disinfection been performed only after coating acceptance?
  • Has the owner completed the required sampling and authorized return to service?

Knowledge Check

1. Does NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 certification prove that a coating will perform properly in a specific tank?

No. It addresses health effects associated with drinking-water contact. Technical suitability and installation quality must be established separately.

2. Can a contractor substitute an unlisted primer beneath a certified lining?

Not without confirming that the complete combination remains approved and compliant with the certification listing, specification, manufacturer requirements, and owner approval.

3. Why must bolted tanks be treated differently from welded tanks?

Bolted tanks contain panel seams, fasteners, gaskets, and factory-applied finishes that can move or be damaged by an inappropriate field-coating detail.

4. Does disinfection make an incompletely cured lining acceptable?

No. The lining must be fully cured, inspected, repaired, and accepted before the approved disinfection procedure begins.

Technical References and Further Study

  • NSF/ANSI/CAN 61, Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects. This standard establishes minimum health-effects criteria for materials and products in contact with drinking water.
  • NSF Official Certified Product Listings. Use the official listing to verify the exact product, certification status, application restrictions, and use limitations.
  • ANSI/AWWA D102-24, Coating Steel Water-Storage Tanks. This standard provides minimum requirements for coating materials, systems, surface preparation, application, inspection, and testing.
  • ANSI/AWWA D103, Factory-Coated Bolted Carbon Steel Tanks for Water Storage. Consult the current edition for requirements applicable to bolted tanks.
  • ANSI/AWWA C210-24, Liquid-Epoxy Coatings and Linings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings.
  • ANSI/AWWA C222-25, Polyurethane Coatings and Linings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings.
  • ANSI/AWWA C550, Protective Interior Coatings for Valves and Hydrants. Consult the current edition for its exact scope and requirements.
  • The coating manufacturer’s current technical data sheets, safety data sheets, certification listings, application instructions, cure requirements, inspection procedures, disinfection limitations, and written project recommendations.

Standards, certifications, product formulations, and regulatory requirements may be revised. Confirm the current edition and listing before product approval, purchase, application, disinfection, and return to service.

Professional responsibility: This article provides foundational education and does not replace an engineered tank assessment, current product certification, governing AWWA standard, project specification, health-department requirement, coating manufacturer instruction, or owner operating procedure. Potable-water facilities must not be returned to service until every required inspection, cure, disinfection, sampling, and acceptance step has been completed.

Copyright © 2026 Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this material may be reproduced, copied, distributed, republished, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC, except for brief quotations used with proper attribution.

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 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 25 of 28 | Control the Waste Stream: Paint, Solvent, Filters, and Compliance
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 26 of 28 | Troubleshoot the Process: Find the Cause Before Repainting
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 27 of 28 | Make Quality Repeatable: Procedures, Training, and Team Accountability
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 28 of 28 | Road Ready Is Earned: Audit the Complete Refinish Process
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Final Assessment
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - 00 Course Overview
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 01: Understanding Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 02: Common Forms of Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 03: Evaluating the Structure and Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 04: Protective Coatings as the Primary Barrier
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 05: Selecting the Correct Coating System
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 06: Surface Cleanliness and Contaminant Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 07: Abrasive Blasting and Surface-Preparation Standards
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 08: Surface Profile and Anchor Pattern
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 09: Environmental Conditions and Dew Point Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 10: Selecting Coating Systems for the Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 11: Primers and Their Role in Corrosion Protection
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 12: Intermediate Coats, Finish Coats, and Stripe Coating
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 13: Coating Application Methods and Spray Technique
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 14: Coating Mixing, Thinning, Induction Time, and Pot Life
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 15: Wet Film and Dry Film Thickness Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 16: Holidays, Pinholes, and Discontinuity Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 17: Coating Adhesion Testing and Failure Interpretation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 18: Coating Defects and Failure Diagnosis
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 19: How Coatings and Cathodic Protection Work Together
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 20: Final Inspection, Repair Verification, and Project Documentation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Certificate of Completion Request
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Protective Linings: What They Are and Why They Fail
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - Understanding the Lining Service Environment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Selecting a Lining for the Material Being Contained
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Epoxy Linings and Where They Are Used
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Novolac Epoxy Linings for Severe Chemical Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Vinyl Ester and Polyester Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Polyurethane, Polyurea, and Elastomeric Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Cementitious and Specialty Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Inspecting Steel and Concrete Before Lining Work Begins
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Preparing Steel for Protective-Lining Application
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - Preparing Concrete for Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Moisture in Concrete: When a Lining Should Not Be Applied
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Environmental Conditions, Dew Point, and Condensation Control
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Mixing, Induction Time, Pot Life, and Material Temperature
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Applying High-Build and Plural-Component Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Stripe Coating, Edges, Welds, Penetrations, and Difficult Areas
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 18 of 20 - Film Thickness, Recoat Windows, Curing, and Return to Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 19 of 20 - Inspecting Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 20 of 20 - Final Acceptance, Repairs, and Lining Maintenance
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Why Moisture Causes Coating and Flooring Fail
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 03 of 20 - Moisture Vapor Versus Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - How Moisture Moves Through Concrete
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Sources of Moisture in Concrete Slabs and Str
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Recognizing Moisture-Related Coating Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Relative-Humidity Testing of Concrete Slabs
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Calcium-Chloride Moisture-Vapor-Emission Test
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Electronic Moisture Meters and Surface-Moistu
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Concrete pH and Alkalinity at the Bond Line
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Dew Point, Condensation, and Environmental Co
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Osmotic Blistering, Delamination, and Efflore
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - When a Coating Should Not Be Applied
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Selecting a Moisture-Mitigation System
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Surface Preparation for Moisture-Mitigation M
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Applying Moisture-Mitigation Membranes
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Pinholes, Holidays, and Membrane Inspection
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Primers, Underlayments, Adhesives, and System
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 18 - Repairing Coating and Flooring Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 19 - Documentation, Warranties, and Contractor Liability
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 20 - Complete Moisture-Management Plan
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Course Assessment
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Certificate Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings - Course Overview
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 01 of 24 | What Floor Coatings Must Do
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 03 of 24 | Evaluating Existing Concrete and Previous Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Floor-Coating Failure
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 05 of 24 | Removing Oil, Grease and Chemical Contamination
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 06 of 24 | Mechanical Surface Preparation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 07 of 24 | Concrete Surface Profile and Preparation Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 08 of 24 | Repairing Cracks, Joints, Spalls and Damaged Concrete
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 09 of 24 | Primers, Patches, Underlayments and Moisture Mitigation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 10 of 24 | Understanding Resinous Floor-Coating Chemistries
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 11 of 24 | Epoxy Floor-Coating Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 12 of 24 | Polyurethane and Polyaspartic Floor Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 13 of 24 | Urethane-Cement Flooring for Heavy-Duty and Sanitary Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 14 of 24 | Methyl Methacrylate and Rapid-Return Flooring Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 15 of 24 | Broadcast, Slurry, Mortar, and Self-Leveling Floor Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 16 of 24 | Slip Resistance, Texture, Cleanability, and Appearance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 17 of 24 | Coves, Drains, Penetrations, Edges, and Floor Transitions
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 18 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, Pot Life, and Installation Sequence
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 19 of 24 | Coverage, Film Thickness, Aggregate, and Material Control
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 20 of 24 | Environmental Conditions, Cure, Recoat Windows, and Return to Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 21 of 24 | Warehouse, Manufacturing, Vehicle and Aircraft-Hangar Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 22 of 24 | Food, Beverage, Sanitary, Healthcare and Cleanroom Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, Defects and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating, Documentation, Warranties, Maintenance and Final Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Final Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 00 Certificate Program
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 01 of 25: What They Must Dand
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 02 of 25 | Coatings vs. Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 03 of 25 | Roof Assemblies and Substrates
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 04 of 25 | Reading the Specification
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 05 of 25 | Codes, Fire, Wind, and Energy
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 06 of 25 | New-Construction Readiness
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 07 of 25 | Restore or Replace
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 08 of 25 | Roof Moisture Surveys
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 09 of 25 | Drainage and Ponding Water
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 10 of 25 | Repairs Before Coating
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 11 of 25 | Cleaning and Contamination Removal
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 12 of 25 | Surface Preparation by Substrate
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 13 of 25 | Adhesion Testing
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 14 of 25 | Primers and Tie Coats
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 15 of 25 | Elastomeric Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 16 of 25 | Acrylic Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 17 of 25 | Silicone Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 18 of 25 | Polyurethane Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 19 of 25 | PMMA Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 20 of 25 | Polyurea Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 21 of 25 | Spray Equipment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 22 of 25 | Weather and Cure
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 23 of 25 | Inspection and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 24 of 25 | Specifications and Warranties
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 25 of 25 | Technical Glossary
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Certificate Request
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Overview
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 01 of 24 | The Contractor’s Role
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 02 of 24 | Plans, Specifications and Scope
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 03 of 24 | Site Survey and Prejob Evaluation
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 04 of 24 | MUTCD Marking Fundamentals
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 05 of 24 | Accessible Parking Spaces
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 06 of 24 | Fire Lanes and Restricted Areas
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 07 of 24 | Parking-Lot Layout and Traffic Flow
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 08 of 24 | Measuring and Layout Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 09 of 24 | Pavement and Existing Markings
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 10 of 24 | Surface Preparation and Marking Removal
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 11 of 24 | Selecting Marking Materials
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 12 of 24 | Marking Coating Chemistries
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 13 of 24 | Glass Beads and Retroreflectivity
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 14 of 24 | Striping Machines, Guns and Tips
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 15 of 24 | Equipment Setup and Spray Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 16 of 24 | Width, Thickness and Coverage
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 17 of 24 | Stencils, Symbols and Arrows
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 18 of 24 | Weather, Moisture, Drying and Cure
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 19 of 24 | Work-Zone Traffic Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 20 of 24 | Crew Positioning, Communication and PPE
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 21 of 24 | Estimating Line Striping Work
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 22 of 24 | Scheduling and Managing Crews
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Defects and Acceptance
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 24 of 24 | Documentation, Maintenance and Growth
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Assessment
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Certificate Request
 > Academy Educational Standards and Editorial Policy
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Purpose and Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Chemical Exposure Variables
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete and Steel Structures
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Failure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Embedded Concrete Contamination
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Mechanical Concrete Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Steel Surface Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Vinyl Ester Systems
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Fiberglass-Reinforced Linings
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Coves, Joints, Drains, and Penetrations
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, and Pot Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Application Methods and Equipment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Film Thickness and Continuity
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Environmental Conditions and Cure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, and Final Acceptance
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Defects, Failure Analysis, and Repairs
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Spill Response and Return to Service
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating and Contractor Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Understanding the System
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Ratios and Stoichiometry
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Pot Life and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Materials and Applications
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 05 of 24 | Reading the Documents
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 06 of 24 | How Proportioners Work
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Selecting a Proportioner
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Pails, Drums, Totes, and Feed Pumps
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Pumps and Ratio Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Material Conditioning
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 11 of 24 | Heating and Temperature Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Filters, Valves, Gauges, and Sensors
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 13 of 24 | Manifolds and Mixers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Spray Guns, Tips, and Chambers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Building a Mobile Rig
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Hoses and Connections
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Calibration and Ratio Testing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Jobsite Setup and Startup
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Pressure and Spray Technique
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Film Thickness and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Correcting Off-Ratio Material
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Shutdown and Flushing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Troubleshooting and Maintenance
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Final Acceptance
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24: Understanding Production Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24: Reactive Coating Chemistries
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24: Components A, B, and C
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24: Mixing Ratios and Tolerances
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 05 of 24: Viscosity and Temperature
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24: Material Supply Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24: Metering and Dosing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24: Static and Dynamic Mixing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Pot Life and Mixed Volume
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Flushing and Color Change
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Pressure and Flow Control
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Applicators and Atomization
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Color Change and Multiple-Hardener System Design
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Pot Life and Production Interruptions
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Calibration and Ratio Verification
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Flow, Pressure, Alarms, and Interlocks
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: Startup, Production, and Shutdown
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Solvent and Waste Reduction
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Containing Off-Ratio Material
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Troubleshooting Ratio, Flow, Pressure, and Mixing Problems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Production Operating Procedures
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Worker and Facility Safety
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24: Quality Control and Traceability
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: System Acceptance and Lifecycle Management
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers | Course Assessment
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 01 of 24: What Protective Systems Must Do
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 02 of 24: Mapping the Treatment Process
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 03 of 24: Defining Exposure Zones
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 04 of 24: Reading Project Requirements
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 05 of 24: Potable-Water Certification
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 06 of 24: Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 07 of 24: Evaluating Existing Concrete
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 08 of 24: Evaluating Existing Steel
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Cleaning and Decontamination
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Concrete Repair and Surface Rebuilding
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Steel Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Moisture and Environmental Control
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Confined-Space Safety
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Selecting Lining Chemistries
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: High-Build Wastewater Linings
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Resurfacers, Mortars, and Membranes
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Transitions
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Material Storage, Mixing, Plural-Component Equipment, and Application Planning
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Inspection, Testing, and Quality-Control Documentation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Defects, Failure Analysis, and Coating Repairs
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: Estimating, Closeout, Warranties, and Lifecycle Maintenance
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Course Assessment
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request