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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: High-Build Wastewater Linings
Last Updated: 10/04/2026
AirSprayTech Academy Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Certificate Program

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Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24

High-Build Linings for Wastewater Immersion and Headspace Service

High-build linings protect wastewater structures by forming a continuous barrier between the substrate and corrosive service—but only when the exposure, substrate, system construction, application, cure, and inspection are controlled as one process.

A High-Build Lining Is a Barrier System

Wastewater linings are intended to separate concrete or steel from moisture, chemicals, gases, microorganisms, abrasion, and corrosion-producing conditions. The lining must remain bonded, continuous, adequately thick, properly cured, and free from unacceptable discontinuities.

The exposed finish coat is only one part of the barrier. Repairs, resurfacers, primers, reinforcement, stripe coats, joint details, terminations, and defect repairs contribute to the performance of the complete system.

Immersion and Headspace Are Different Exposures

Immersion areas remain continuously or intermittently in contact with wastewater, sludge, treatment chemicals, or process water. The system may need to resist water absorption, dissolved chemicals, abrasion, cleaning, and hydrostatic effects.

Headspace areas are above the liquid line and may experience condensation, hydrogen sulfide, microbial activity, biogenic sulfuric acid, changing temperatures, and alternating wet and dry conditions.

Headspace can be more chemically aggressive than the liquid below it. Do not assume that a product suitable for ordinary immersion will automatically resist severe wastewater headspace exposure.

Map Every Exposure Zone

Before selecting a lining, divide the structure into its actual service zones:

  • Continuous immersion
  • Intermittent immersion
  • Normal liquid line
  • Splash and turbulence zones
  • Vapor and headspace zones
  • Condensation-prone roofs, covers, and structural members
  • Chemical-feed and cleaning areas
  • High-abrasion channels, grit areas, and flow transitions
  • Exterior or atmospheric surfaces
  • Joints, penetrations, drains, edges, and terminations between zones

The coating schedule should identify the complete system assigned to each zone and explain how adjacent systems transition into one another.

Film Thickness Does Not Replace Chemical Suitability

Increasing thickness cannot make an incompatible resin resistant to a chemical exposure. It also cannot correct off-ratio material, incomplete cure, poor adhesion, open holidays, active leakage, or an unsound substrate.

Thickness is one system requirement. Chemistry, formulation, reinforcement, substrate preparation, application quality, cure, and detailing remain equally important.

Common High-Build Lining Families

High-Build Epoxy

High-solids and 100-percent-solids epoxy systems can provide strong adhesion, low permeability, chemical resistance, and substantial film build. Some are applied in multiple coats; others are formulated for thick single-pass application. Their movement capability, moisture tolerance, temperature limits, and chemical resistance vary by formulation.

Epoxy Novolac

Novolac epoxy systems may provide improved resistance to certain acids, solvents, chemicals, and elevated temperatures. They require confirmation for the exact exposure and may be comparatively rigid or application sensitive.

Polyurethane

Thick-film polyurethane systems may provide flexibility, abrasion resistance, toughness, and movement capability. Moisture sensitivity, application conditions, isocyanate exposure, and chemical resistance must be evaluated for the exact product.

Polyurea and Hybrid Systems

Spray-applied polyurea and polyurethane-polyurea hybrids can cure rapidly and provide high film build, toughness, and short return-to-service times. They require properly functioning plural-component equipment, accurate ratio, controlled material temperature, balanced pressure, correct spray technique, and trained applicators.

Vinyl-Ester Systems

Vinyl-ester systems may be selected for severe chemical exposures and can incorporate flake or fiberglass reinforcement. Catalyst control, ventilation, ignition control, film construction, cure, and chemical-specific confirmation are critical.

Typical Components of a Concrete Lining System

  1. Concrete repair: Removes unsound material and restores structural or serviceable concrete.
  2. Resurfacer or mortar: Rebuilds lost section, fills irregularities, and creates the required geometry.
  3. Bug-hole filler: Fills pores, voids, and surface defects that could produce pinholes.
  4. Primer: Promotes adhesion, wets the substrate, and may help control outgassing.
  5. Reinforcement: Fabric, mat, scrim, flake, or chopped fiber may be incorporated when required.
  6. Body lining: Provides the primary barrier thickness and resistance.
  7. Finish or seal coat: Completes the surface when required by the system design.

Not every system uses every component. Use only the products and sequence included in the approved system.

Steel Lining Systems

Steel wastewater structures require the specified blast cleanliness, surface profile, soluble-salt control, dust removal, weld preparation, edge treatment, environmental control, and stripe coating before the high-build lining is applied.

Deep pits, rough welds, sharp edges, crevices, bolts, and irregular attachments can produce thin film, trapped air, holidays, and bridging. Correct fabrication defects and restore geometry before relying on the lining to cover them.

Concrete Must Be Sound and Uniform

High-build material can conceal an irregular surface, but it cannot make unsound concrete dependable. Deteriorated concrete, active corrosion, weak repairs, contamination, active leakage, and negative-side water pressure must be corrected before lining.

The prepared substrate should have the specified profile, strength, cleanliness, moisture condition, repairs, coves, transitions, and termination details. A representative mockup can confirm that the preparation and system can produce the intended result.

Primer Selection and Timing

The primer must be part of the approved lining system and compatible with the substrate, moisture condition, resurfacer, and body coat. An unrelated primer can reduce adhesion or interfere with cure.

Apply at the specified coverage. Too little primer may leave dry or porous areas. Excess primer can puddle, solvent-entrap, or form a weak layer. Porous concrete may absorb primer unevenly and require additional treatment under the manufacturer’s procedure.

Observe minimum and maximum recoat intervals. If the window is exceeded, prepare and reprime the surface as directed rather than applying the lining over an expired primer.

Control Outgassing and Pinholes

Air and vapor escaping from concrete can pass through wet material and leave pinholes or craters. The risk increases on porous concrete, warming substrates, bug-holed surfaces, recently repaired areas, and systems applied in one thick pass.

  • Track whether substrate temperature is rising, falling, or stable.
  • Fill bugholes and open pores with the specified material.
  • Apply primer at the required rate and work it into the profile when directed.
  • Inspect the primer for bubbles, craters, and missed areas.
  • Use the specified application sequence and thickness per pass.
  • Repair defects before applying the next coat.

Rapid Cure Does Not Mean Unlimited Working Time

Fast-set systems can reduce shutdown time, but their application window may be measured in seconds. Material-temperature imbalance, pressure imbalance, partial blockage, worn mixing components, incorrect spray distance, or stopping in one location can immediately create defective material.

Rapid cure makes equipment checks, ratio verification, spray technique, communication, and planned shutdown procedures more important—not less important.

Plural-Component Application Control

When the lining is applied through plural-component equipment, the work plan should address:

  • Correct component identification and batch control
  • Material storage and preconditioning
  • Specified proportioning ratio
  • Primary heaters and heated-hose settings
  • Balanced component pressures
  • Pump, hose, manifold, mixer, gun, and tip condition
  • Ratio verification and test spray procedures
  • Recognition of off-ratio color, texture, cure, pressure, and spray pattern
  • Shutdown, flushing, and restart procedures
  • Documentation of operating parameters throughout application

Apply the Specified Film Build

High-build linings may be applied in one or multiple passes depending on their formulation and the manufacturer’s instructions. Each pass must remain within the permitted minimum and maximum thickness.

Excessive thickness can contribute to:

  • Sagging and slumping
  • Entrapped air or solvent
  • Excessive exotherm
  • Cracking, shrinkage, or internal stress
  • Incomplete cure or extended cure time

Insufficient thickness can reduce barrier performance, leave profile peaks exposed, and shorten service life. Measure and document film build throughout the work.

Coverage and Material Reconciliation

Theoretical coverage should be adjusted for surface profile, porosity, irregular geometry, overspray, equipment losses, stripe coats, mixing losses, waste, and the solids content of the product.

Compare installed area, specified thickness, expected material use, and actual material consumption. A major unexplained shortage can indicate insufficient thickness. Unusually high consumption may indicate excessive thickness, surface irregularity, waste, leakage, or application problems.

Reinforcement and Composite Construction

Fabric, fiberglass mat, scrim, flake, or chopped fiber may be incorporated into specified lining systems. Reinforcement must be completely positioned and saturated without wrinkles, bubbles, dry areas, protruding fibers, or improperly treated overlaps.

Inspect the reinforced layer before it is concealed. Once the finish coat is applied, incomplete saturation and trapped air may no longer be visible.

Transitions, Penetrations, and Terminations

Many lining failures begin where the system ends or changes direction. Pipe penetrations, drains, wall-to-floor transitions, embedded steel, joints, ladders, equipment bases, and termination edges require specific details.

A proper detail should identify:

  • Required substrate preparation
  • Cove, fillet, sealant, or transition material
  • Reinforcement placement and overlap
  • Minimum lining thickness
  • Termination location and anchoring method
  • Movement capability
  • Inspection and repair procedure

Environmental Control

Maintain substrate temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, dew-point separation, ventilation, and moisture conditions within the approved limits during application and cure.

Environmental control must reach the actual work surface. Conditions near the entrance may differ from conditions at a wet floor, cold wall, roof, dead-air pocket, or remote section of a tank or manhole.

Inspection During Application

  • Confirm approved products, batch numbers, and shelf life.
  • Document mixing ratio, material temperature, pressure, and equipment settings.
  • Measure wet-film thickness when the product and method permit.
  • Check coverage on edges, corners, welds, penetrations, and irregular areas.
  • Watch for pinholes, bubbles, craters, runs, sags, dry spray, overspray, and contamination.
  • Inspect reinforcement before it is concealed.
  • Track application and recoat times.
  • Stop work when material or application conditions indicate possible off-ratio or defective lining.

Off-Ratio Material Must Be Removed

Off-ratio material may remain soft, brittle, sticky, discolored, porous, chemically weak, or incompletely cured. Applying additional lining over it does not restore the intended formulation.

Stop application, identify the affected limits, preserve equipment data and samples when required, notify the responsible parties, and follow the manufacturer’s written removal and repair procedure.

Holiday Testing

Holiday testing locates discontinuities that may expose the underlying substrate. The specified test method depends on lining thickness, electrical properties, substrate conductivity, cure, and manufacturer requirements.

NACE SP0188-2024 provides low-voltage and high-voltage procedures for new nonconductive coatings or linings applied to conductive substrates, typically metal. It does not by itself make ordinary concrete a suitable conductive substrate.

Holiday testing on concrete requires an approved conductive path or another system-specific method. Conductive primers, carbon-containing products, embedded conductive media, damp substrates, or manufacturer-designed systems can affect test behavior. Establish the procedure before application.

Incorrect voltage can miss defects or damage the lining. Use the voltage, equipment, grounding, electrode, travel speed, cure condition, and repair procedure established by the specification, standard, and lining manufacturer.

Holiday Testing Does Not Measure Everything

A holiday detector identifies electrically detectable discontinuities under the test conditions. It does not prove adhesion, correct ratio, complete cure, chemical resistance, adequate film thickness, substrate soundness, or expected service life.

Holiday testing must be combined with visual inspection, thickness control, application records, cure verification, adhesion testing when specified, and inspection of details and repairs.

Repair and Retest

  1. Mark each defect without damaging the lining.
  2. Determine whether the defect is isolated or evidence of a broader application problem.
  3. Remove contamination and defective material.
  4. Prepare the surrounding lining to the specified dimensions and profile.
  5. Apply the approved repair material within its recoat and cure requirements.
  6. Allow the repair to cure adequately.
  7. Retest the repaired area and document acceptance.

Contractor’s Field Checklist

  • Are immersion, splash, headspace, and atmospheric zones clearly mapped?
  • Is the complete system approved for each exposure?
  • Are concrete repairs, resurfacing, and steel repairs complete?
  • Are surface preparation, profile, salts, dust, and moisture acceptable?
  • Are primer and recoat requirements understood?
  • Have outgassing risks and bugholes been addressed?
  • Is plural-component equipment verified and operating on ratio?
  • Are thickness and material use being monitored?
  • Are penetrations, joints, edges, and terminations detailed?
  • Are environmental conditions acceptable through cure?
  • Is the holiday-testing method valid for the lining and substrate?
  • Have all defects been repaired, retested, and documented?

Knowledge Check

1. Why can a wastewater headspace be more aggressive than the immersion zone?

Hydrogen sulfide, condensation, microbial activity, and oxygen can contribute to formation of biogenic sulfuric acid on moist headspace surfaces.

2. Can additional film thickness make an incompatible lining chemically resistant?

No. The exact lining chemistry and formulation must be suitable for the chemicals, concentrations, temperatures, and exposure duration.

3. Does holiday testing prove correct cure and adhesion?

No. Holiday testing detects electrically responsive discontinuities under the test conditions. Cure, adhesion, thickness, ratio, and substrate quality require separate controls or tests.

4. What should happen to confirmed off-ratio lining material?

It should be removed to sound, acceptable material and repaired according to the lining manufacturer’s approved written procedure.

Technical References and Further Study

  • AMPP SSPC-Guide 27-2019, Recommended Performance Properties for Liquid-Applied Organic Polymeric Coatings and Linings for Municipal Wastewater Structures. This guide addresses laboratory and field properties for systems used on sound concrete in immersion and headspace service.
  • AMPP SSPC-PA 14-2021, Application of Thick-Film Polyurea and Polyurethane Coatings to Concrete and Steel Using Plural-Component Equipment. This standard provides requirements for field application of polyurea, polyurethane, and hybrid thick-film systems.
  • NACE SP0188-2024, Discontinuity—Holiday—Testing of New Protective Coatings on Conductive Substrates. This standard provides low-voltage and high-voltage procedures for new nonconductive coatings and linings on conductive substrates.
  • NACE SP0178, Design, Fabrication, and Surface Finish Practices for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion Service. Consult the current edition for requirements concerning lining-compatible fabrication and surface details.
  • AMPP SSPC-SP 13/NACE No. 6-2024, Surface Preparation of Concrete.
  • AMPP SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 or SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2, as specified, for abrasive-blast cleaning of steel.
  • The lining manufacturer’s current technical data sheets, safety data sheets, chemical-resistance documentation, application instructions, plural-component settings, cure requirements, holiday-testing procedure, and written repair instructions.

Standards, formulations, and manufacturer requirements may be revised. Confirm the current edition and exact approved system before preparing, applying, inspecting, or repairing a wastewater lining.

Professional responsibility: This article provides foundational education and does not replace an engineered lining specification, exposure analysis, manufacturer approval, project-specific quality-control plan, confined-space program, or qualified inspection. When substrate conditions, exposure, equipment performance, or test results differ from the approved requirements, stop work and obtain written direction.

Copyright © 2026 Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this material may be reproduced, copied, distributed, republished, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC, except for brief quotations used with proper attribution.

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 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 20 of 28 | Cure It by the Numbers: Flash, Bake, and Return-to-Service
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 21 of 28 | Correct Without Creating: Denibbing, Sanding, and Polishing
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 22 of 28 | Put It Back Right: Reassembly Without Damaging the Finish
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 23 of 28 | Inspect It Before the Customer Does: Final Quality Control
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 24 of 28 | Deliver More Than Shine: Customer Handoff and Fresh-Paint Care
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 25 of 28 | Control the Waste Stream: Paint, Solvent, Filters, and Compliance
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 26 of 28 | Troubleshoot the Process: Find the Cause Before Repainting
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 27 of 28 | Make Quality Repeatable: Procedures, Training, and Team Accountability
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 28 of 28 | Road Ready Is Earned: Audit the Complete Refinish Process
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Final Assessment
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - 00 Course Overview
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 01: Understanding Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 02: Common Forms of Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 03: Evaluating the Structure and Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 04: Protective Coatings as the Primary Barrier
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 05: Selecting the Correct Coating System
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 06: Surface Cleanliness and Contaminant Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 07: Abrasive Blasting and Surface-Preparation Standards
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 08: Surface Profile and Anchor Pattern
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 09: Environmental Conditions and Dew Point Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 10: Selecting Coating Systems for the Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 11: Primers and Their Role in Corrosion Protection
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 12: Intermediate Coats, Finish Coats, and Stripe Coating
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 13: Coating Application Methods and Spray Technique
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 14: Coating Mixing, Thinning, Induction Time, and Pot Life
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 15: Wet Film and Dry Film Thickness Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 16: Holidays, Pinholes, and Discontinuity Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 17: Coating Adhesion Testing and Failure Interpretation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 18: Coating Defects and Failure Diagnosis
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 19: How Coatings and Cathodic Protection Work Together
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 20: Final Inspection, Repair Verification, and Project Documentation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Certificate of Completion Request
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Protective Linings: What They Are and Why They Fail
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - Understanding the Lining Service Environment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Selecting a Lining for the Material Being Contained
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Epoxy Linings and Where They Are Used
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Novolac Epoxy Linings for Severe Chemical Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Vinyl Ester and Polyester Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Polyurethane, Polyurea, and Elastomeric Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Cementitious and Specialty Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Inspecting Steel and Concrete Before Lining Work Begins
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Preparing Steel for Protective-Lining Application
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - Preparing Concrete for Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Moisture in Concrete: When a Lining Should Not Be Applied
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Environmental Conditions, Dew Point, and Condensation Control
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Mixing, Induction Time, Pot Life, and Material Temperature
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Applying High-Build and Plural-Component Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Stripe Coating, Edges, Welds, Penetrations, and Difficult Areas
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 18 of 20 - Film Thickness, Recoat Windows, Curing, and Return to Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 19 of 20 - Inspecting Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 20 of 20 - Final Acceptance, Repairs, and Lining Maintenance
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Why Moisture Causes Coating and Flooring Fail
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 03 of 20 - Moisture Vapor Versus Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - How Moisture Moves Through Concrete
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Sources of Moisture in Concrete Slabs and Str
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Recognizing Moisture-Related Coating Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Relative-Humidity Testing of Concrete Slabs
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Calcium-Chloride Moisture-Vapor-Emission Test
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Electronic Moisture Meters and Surface-Moistu
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Concrete pH and Alkalinity at the Bond Line
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Dew Point, Condensation, and Environmental Co
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Osmotic Blistering, Delamination, and Efflore
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - When a Coating Should Not Be Applied
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Selecting a Moisture-Mitigation System
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Surface Preparation for Moisture-Mitigation M
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Applying Moisture-Mitigation Membranes
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Pinholes, Holidays, and Membrane Inspection
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Primers, Underlayments, Adhesives, and System
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 18 - Repairing Coating and Flooring Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 19 - Documentation, Warranties, and Contractor Liability
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 20 - Complete Moisture-Management Plan
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Course Assessment
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Certificate Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings - Course Overview
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 01 of 24 | What Floor Coatings Must Do
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 03 of 24 | Evaluating Existing Concrete and Previous Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Floor-Coating Failure
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 05 of 24 | Removing Oil, Grease and Chemical Contamination
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 06 of 24 | Mechanical Surface Preparation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 07 of 24 | Concrete Surface Profile and Preparation Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 08 of 24 | Repairing Cracks, Joints, Spalls and Damaged Concrete
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 09 of 24 | Primers, Patches, Underlayments and Moisture Mitigation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 10 of 24 | Understanding Resinous Floor-Coating Chemistries
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 11 of 24 | Epoxy Floor-Coating Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 12 of 24 | Polyurethane and Polyaspartic Floor Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 13 of 24 | Urethane-Cement Flooring for Heavy-Duty and Sanitary Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 14 of 24 | Methyl Methacrylate and Rapid-Return Flooring Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 15 of 24 | Broadcast, Slurry, Mortar, and Self-Leveling Floor Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 16 of 24 | Slip Resistance, Texture, Cleanability, and Appearance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 17 of 24 | Coves, Drains, Penetrations, Edges, and Floor Transitions
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 18 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, Pot Life, and Installation Sequence
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 19 of 24 | Coverage, Film Thickness, Aggregate, and Material Control
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 20 of 24 | Environmental Conditions, Cure, Recoat Windows, and Return to Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 21 of 24 | Warehouse, Manufacturing, Vehicle and Aircraft-Hangar Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 22 of 24 | Food, Beverage, Sanitary, Healthcare and Cleanroom Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, Defects and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating, Documentation, Warranties, Maintenance and Final Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Final Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 00 Certificate Program
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 01 of 25: What They Must Dand
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 02 of 25 | Coatings vs. Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 03 of 25 | Roof Assemblies and Substrates
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 04 of 25 | Reading the Specification
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 05 of 25 | Codes, Fire, Wind, and Energy
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 06 of 25 | New-Construction Readiness
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 07 of 25 | Restore or Replace
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 08 of 25 | Roof Moisture Surveys
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 09 of 25 | Drainage and Ponding Water
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 10 of 25 | Repairs Before Coating
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 11 of 25 | Cleaning and Contamination Removal
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 12 of 25 | Surface Preparation by Substrate
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 13 of 25 | Adhesion Testing
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 14 of 25 | Primers and Tie Coats
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 15 of 25 | Elastomeric Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 16 of 25 | Acrylic Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 17 of 25 | Silicone Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 18 of 25 | Polyurethane Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 19 of 25 | PMMA Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 20 of 25 | Polyurea Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 21 of 25 | Spray Equipment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 22 of 25 | Weather and Cure
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 23 of 25 | Inspection and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 24 of 25 | Specifications and Warranties
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 25 of 25 | Technical Glossary
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Certificate Request
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Overview
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 01 of 24 | The Contractor’s Role
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 02 of 24 | Plans, Specifications and Scope
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 03 of 24 | Site Survey and Prejob Evaluation
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 04 of 24 | MUTCD Marking Fundamentals
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 05 of 24 | Accessible Parking Spaces
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 06 of 24 | Fire Lanes and Restricted Areas
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 07 of 24 | Parking-Lot Layout and Traffic Flow
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 08 of 24 | Measuring and Layout Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 09 of 24 | Pavement and Existing Markings
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 10 of 24 | Surface Preparation and Marking Removal
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 11 of 24 | Selecting Marking Materials
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 12 of 24 | Marking Coating Chemistries
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 13 of 24 | Glass Beads and Retroreflectivity
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 14 of 24 | Striping Machines, Guns and Tips
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 15 of 24 | Equipment Setup and Spray Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 16 of 24 | Width, Thickness and Coverage
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 17 of 24 | Stencils, Symbols and Arrows
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 18 of 24 | Weather, Moisture, Drying and Cure
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 19 of 24 | Work-Zone Traffic Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 20 of 24 | Crew Positioning, Communication and PPE
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 21 of 24 | Estimating Line Striping Work
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 22 of 24 | Scheduling and Managing Crews
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Defects and Acceptance
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 24 of 24 | Documentation, Maintenance and Growth
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Assessment
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Certificate Request
 > Academy Educational Standards and Editorial Policy
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Purpose and Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Chemical Exposure Variables
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete and Steel Structures
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Failure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Embedded Concrete Contamination
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Mechanical Concrete Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Steel Surface Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Vinyl Ester Systems
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Fiberglass-Reinforced Linings
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Coves, Joints, Drains, and Penetrations
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, and Pot Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Application Methods and Equipment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Film Thickness and Continuity
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Environmental Conditions and Cure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, and Final Acceptance
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Defects, Failure Analysis, and Repairs
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Spill Response and Return to Service
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating and Contractor Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Understanding the System
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Ratios and Stoichiometry
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Pot Life and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Materials and Applications
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 05 of 24 | Reading the Documents
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 06 of 24 | How Proportioners Work
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Selecting a Proportioner
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Pails, Drums, Totes, and Feed Pumps
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Pumps and Ratio Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Material Conditioning
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 11 of 24 | Heating and Temperature Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Filters, Valves, Gauges, and Sensors
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 13 of 24 | Manifolds and Mixers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Spray Guns, Tips, and Chambers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Building a Mobile Rig
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Hoses and Connections
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Calibration and Ratio Testing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Jobsite Setup and Startup
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Pressure and Spray Technique
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Film Thickness and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Correcting Off-Ratio Material
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Shutdown and Flushing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Troubleshooting and Maintenance
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Final Acceptance
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24: Understanding Production Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24: Reactive Coating Chemistries
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24: Components A, B, and C
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24: Mixing Ratios and Tolerances
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 05 of 24: Viscosity and Temperature
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24: Material Supply Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24: Metering and Dosing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24: Static and Dynamic Mixing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Pot Life and Mixed Volume
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Flushing and Color Change
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Pressure and Flow Control
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Applicators and Atomization
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Color Change and Multiple-Hardener System Design
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Pot Life and Production Interruptions
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Calibration and Ratio Verification
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Flow, Pressure, Alarms, and Interlocks
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: Startup, Production, and Shutdown
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Solvent and Waste Reduction
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Containing Off-Ratio Material
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Troubleshooting Ratio, Flow, Pressure, and Mixing Problems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Production Operating Procedures
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Worker and Facility Safety
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24: Quality Control and Traceability
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: System Acceptance and Lifecycle Management
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers | Course Assessment
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 01 of 24: What Protective Systems Must Do
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 02 of 24: Mapping the Treatment Process
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 03 of 24: Defining Exposure Zones
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 04 of 24: Reading Project Requirements
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 05 of 24: Potable-Water Certification
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 06 of 24: Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 07 of 24: Evaluating Existing Concrete
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 08 of 24: Evaluating Existing Steel
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Cleaning and Decontamination
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Concrete Repair and Surface Rebuilding
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Steel Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Moisture and Environmental Control
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Confined-Space Safety
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Selecting Lining Chemistries
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Potable-Water Infrastructure
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Resurfacers, Mortars, and Membranes
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Transitions
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Material Storage, Mixing, Plural-Component Equipment, and Application Planning
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Inspection, Testing, and Quality-Control Documentation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Defects, Failure Analysis, and Coating Repairs
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: Estimating, Closeout, Warranties, and Lifecycle Maintenance
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Course Assessment
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request