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Industrial Waterproofing | Article 08 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
Last Updated: 10/06/2026
AirSprayTech Academy Industrial Waterproofing and Fluid-Applied Membrane Systems Certificate Program

Industrial Waterproofing and Fluid-Applied Membrane Systems

Article 08 of 24

Concrete Surface Preparation for Bonded Membrane Systems

Surface preparation must create clean, sound, open, and properly profiled concrete that allows the primer and membrane to develop their intended bond. Preparation is not simply cleaning—it is the controlled removal of everything that could interfere with the waterproofing system.

Learning Objectives

After completing this article, the reader should be able to:

  • Explain why surface preparation is essential to membrane adhesion and continuity.
  • Identify laitance, curing compounds, sealers, contamination, weak concrete, and other bond breakers.
  • Select an appropriate mechanical preparation method for the substrate and membrane system.
  • Understand the purpose and limitations of ICRI Concrete Surface Profiles.
  • Recognize over-preparation, under-preparation, and damage caused by unsuitable equipment.
  • Inspect, test, document, and obtain acceptance of prepared concrete.

Preparation Creates the Membrane’s Foundation

A fluid-applied membrane follows the condition of the surface beneath it. If the concrete surface is weak, contaminated, excessively rough, too smooth, dusty, damp beyond the system’s limits, or improperly repaired, the completed membrane may fail even when the material was mixed and applied correctly.

Bonded waterproofing depends on adhesion to the concrete or to an approved primer. The actual bond is only as strong as the weakest layer within the assembly. A membrane firmly bonded to laitance is still attached to a weak layer. When that layer separates from the concrete, the membrane separates with it.

Surface preparation must expose concrete capable of supporting the membrane through installation, protection, backfilling, immersion, weather exposure, movement, and the intended service life.

Preparation Cannot Correct an Unsuitable Structure

Grinding, blasting, or scarifying cannot stabilize structural cracks, correct movement, replace deteriorated reinforcement, stop active water pressure, or restore severely damaged concrete. Unsound concrete must be removed and repaired according to an approved procedure before final surface preparation.

When preparation exposes hidden deterioration, corrosion, deep contamination, extensive cracking, or unexpected materials, stop the affected work, document the condition, and obtain written direction.

What Must Be Removed?

The prepared surface must be free of materials that weaken the concrete surface or interfere with the waterproofing system, including:

  • Laitance and weak cement paste.
  • Dust, dirt, mud, and construction debris.
  • Oil, grease, fuel, hydraulic fluid, and process contamination.
  • Curing compounds and form-release agents.
  • Sealers, hardeners, densifiers, and water repellents.
  • Paint, coatings, mastics, adhesives, and incompatible membranes.
  • Efflorescence and soluble-salt deposits.
  • Biological growth and related residue.
  • Loose mortar, patching material, and deteriorated concrete.
  • Overspray, drywall compound, plaster, asphalt, and materials left by other trades.

Laitance Is Not Sound Concrete

Laitance is a weak, often powdery layer of cement paste and fine particles at the concrete surface. It may result from excess water, finishing operations, bleeding, inadequate curing, or other placement conditions.

Laitance may appear solid and may even accept primer, but it can lack the strength needed to support a bonded membrane. Mechanical preparation should remove it and expose sound concrete.

Sweeping, pressure washing, or applying primer over laitance does not convert the weak layer into acceptable concrete.

Begin with a Preparation Plan

Before mobilizing equipment, review:

  • The membrane manufacturer’s required surface condition and profile.
  • The project specification and drawings.
  • Concrete age, condition, strength, moisture, and previous exposure.
  • Existing coatings, repairs, sealers, and unknown materials.
  • Cracks, joints, penetrations, terminations, and details requiring protection.
  • Required containment, ventilation, dust collection, and environmental controls.
  • Water-use restrictions and procedures for collecting slurry or wastewater.
  • Noise, vibration, access, electrical power, and equipment limitations.
  • Testing, inspection, mockup, and acceptance requirements.

Use a Representative Test Area

A test area confirms whether the proposed equipment, abrasive, tooling, production rate, and operating method will remove the unwanted material without damaging the concrete.

The test area should represent the actual work, including difficult areas when practical. Evaluate cleanliness, profile, exposed defects, equipment marks, dust control, repair needs, primer behavior, and adhesion.

Obtain written acceptance of the test area before full production. Preserve it as the workmanship standard when project conditions permit.

Common Preparation Methods

Method Typical Use Important Limitation
Shot blasting Preparing open horizontal concrete and removing laitance or thin surface materials. Cannot reach every edge, corner, penetration, or vertical surface. Multiple passes may create an uneven profile.
Diamond grinding Removing thin coatings, high spots, surface contamination, and smooth cement paste. Improper tooling or technique can polish the concrete or leave swirl marks and an insufficiently open profile.
Scarifying or milling Removing thicker materials, deteriorated surfaces, or significant concrete thickness. May leave deep grooves, fractured aggregate, impact damage, or a surface requiring additional preparation and repair.
Abrasive blasting Preparing vertical, overhead, irregular, and detailed concrete surfaces. Requires careful abrasive selection, containment, cleanup, and operator control.
High-pressure or ultra-high-pressure water jetting Removing coatings, contamination, weak concrete, or deteriorated material without abrasive media. Introduces water, requires wastewater control, and may delay membrane work until moisture requirements are satisfied.
Hand and power tools Edges, corners, penetrations, small repairs, transitions, and inaccessible areas. Production is limited and results depend heavily on tooling and operator technique.

Shot Blasting

Enclosed shot blasting propels metallic abrasive against the surface and recovers the abrasive and debris through an attached vacuum system. It can efficiently prepare large horizontal areas and produce a repeatable profile when the machine is properly selected and operated.

Control the finished surface by adjusting:

  • Machine size and travel speed.
  • Abrasive size, condition, and feed rate.
  • Number and direction of passes.
  • Concrete hardness and existing surface material.
  • Dust-collection performance and machine maintenance.

Feather overlapping passes to avoid pronounced striping. Prepare edges, corners, walls, curbs, drains, and penetrations using compatible smaller equipment or hand tools.

Diamond Grinding

Diamond grinding can remove thin coatings, surface paste, high areas, and certain contaminants. Tool selection must match the concrete hardness and material being removed.

A grinder can leave a surface that looks clean but is polished or closed. Excessively fine tooling, worn segments, improper machine speed, or repeated passes can reduce surface texture rather than create the open profile needed for bonding.

Inspect the completed surface under good lighting and compare it with the accepted test area and specified profile. Tool marks alone do not prove adequate preparation.

Scarifying and Milling

Scarifiers and milling machines use rotating cutters to remove concrete or thick surface materials. These methods can be productive, but they may leave deep grooves and create microcracking or fractured material at the surface.

After heavy removal, the surface may require shot blasting, abrasive blasting, grinding, repair, or resurfacing to produce the profile and condition required by the membrane system. Heavy mechanical removal should not be used closer to reinforcement or embedded items than permitted by the repair design.

Abrasive Blasting

Abrasive blasting is useful for vertical, overhead, curved, and irregular surfaces. The abrasive, pressure, nozzle, angle, distance, and dwell time must be controlled to remove unwanted material without unnecessarily eroding or damaging the concrete.

Abrasive media should be clean and suitable for the work. Media that leaves an oily, soluble, metallic, or otherwise incompatible residue can create a new contamination problem.

Provide containment, ventilation, respiratory protection, visibility control, abrasive recovery, and final cleaning appropriate to the project and applicable regulations.

Water Jetting

High-pressure and ultra-high-pressure water jetting can remove coatings, contamination, and deteriorated concrete while avoiding spent abrasive media. The method may expose cracks, voids, honeycombing, and unsound material that were not visible before preparation.

Water jetting introduces substantial moisture into the work. The concrete must satisfy the membrane manufacturer’s moisture requirements before priming or coating. Wastewater, removed material, and possible contaminants must be captured and disposed of properly.

Pressure washing used for general cleaning should not be confused with water jetting intended to remove concrete or create a specified surface condition.

Acid Etching Is Not a Universal Substitute

Acid etching may be prohibited or unsuitable for many industrial waterproofing applications. It may not remove oil, grease, sealers, coatings, curing compounds, or weak concrete uniformly. Incomplete neutralization and rinsing may leave residues that interfere with the membrane.

Do not use acid preparation unless it is expressly permitted by the specification and membrane manufacturer, the concrete is suitable, and the contractor has an approved procedure for application, neutralization, rinsing, wastewater control, verification, and drying.

Concrete Surface Profile

ICRI Concrete Surface Profile chips provide visual and tactile benchmarks identified as CSP 1 through CSP 10. The scale progresses from a very light profile to increasingly aggressive profiles.

The specified CSP should come from the membrane manufacturer, project specification, or approved installation procedure. A thicker system does not automatically justify an unnecessarily aggressive profile, and a thin membrane may not fill deep irregularities without additional material or resurfacing.

CSP chips are comparison tools. They do not replace requirements for cleanliness, soundness, moisture, repairs, tensile strength, or adhesion testing.

Profile Selection Considerations

Consideration Why It Matters
Membrane thickness A thin system may not cover an excessively coarse profile without pinholes or insufficient film over peaks.
Membrane viscosity and leveling Material must wet, penetrate, and cover the prepared texture as designed.
Concrete strength Aggressive preparation may damage weak or low-strength concrete.
Existing materials Removal depth and equipment depend on coating thickness, hardness, adhesion, and contamination.
Exposure and loading Immersion, hydrostatic pressure, movement, traffic, or protection layers may affect preparation requirements.
Manufacturer requirements The installed profile must fall within the limitations of the complete specified system.

Remove Contamination—Do Not Spread It

Mechanical preparation can drive oil or other contamination deeper into concrete or spread it across a larger area. Heavy contamination may require repeated cleaning, removal of affected concrete, specialized treatment, or replacement.

Cleaning agents must be compatible with the concrete and waterproofing system. Residue from detergents, degreasers, solvents, neutralizers, or emulsified oils must be removed.

When contamination depth or removability is uncertain, prepare a test area and verify the result with manufacturer-approved adhesion testing before production work proceeds.

Edges, Corners, and Details Require Separate Attention

Large preparation machines cannot properly reach every detail. Establish a separate procedure for:

  • Wall-to-floor and wall-to-footing transitions.
  • Inside and outside corners.
  • Drains, pipes, sleeves, conduits, and penetrations.
  • Control, construction, isolation, and expansion joints.
  • Curbs, equipment pads, columns, and bases.
  • Terminations, reglets, counterflashings, and embedded items.
  • Edges adjacent to finished surfaces that must remain undamaged.

The detailed areas should meet the same cleanliness, soundness, and profile requirements as the open concrete field.

Surface Irregularities and Membrane Thickness

A highly irregular surface increases actual surface area and material consumption. It may also produce excessive film in depressions and insufficient thickness over high points or exposed aggregate.

Bugholes, honeycombing, form offsets, fins, sharp projections, deep grinding marks, and coarse profiles may require filling, grinding, patching, or resurfacing before membrane application.

Do not rely on the membrane application itself to fill major voids unless the product manufacturer specifically permits that use and provides the required procedure and thickness.

Final Cleaning

Preparation is incomplete until all dust, abrasive, slurry, debris, and loose particles have been removed. Dust can settle again after cleaning, particularly when nearby preparation continues.

Use clean industrial vacuum equipment, dry compressed air of verified quality when permitted, or another manufacturer-approved method. Compressed air must not introduce oil or moisture.

Protect accepted surfaces from traffic, weather, condensation, leaks, other trades, and renewed contamination. If the surface becomes contaminated or remains exposed longer than permitted, reinspect and reprepare it as required.

Inspecting the Prepared Surface

Inspect the entire area under adequate lighting. The completed surface should:

  • Be sound and free of loose or fractured material.
  • Be free of laitance and incompatible surface treatments.
  • Be visibly clean and free of dust and debris.
  • Match the approved test area and required concrete surface profile.
  • Have cracks, joints, voids, and defects identified for approved treatment.
  • Have surface irregularities corrected to the membrane manufacturer’s requirements.
  • Meet required moisture and environmental limits.
  • Satisfy required tensile-strength or adhesion testing.

Pull-Off Testing and Failure Mode

Pull-off testing may be used to evaluate the tensile strength of prepared concrete or the adhesion of a primer, test patch, or membrane system. ASTM D7234 addresses pull-off adhesion testing of coatings on concrete.

Record both the measured strength and the failure mode. Failure within weak concrete communicates something different from failure at the membrane interface, between coating layers, or in the adhesive holding the test fixture.

Establish required values, test frequency, locations, scoring procedures, equipment, and repair of test locations before testing begins.

Recognizing Inadequate Preparation

  • Dust remains on a hand, cloth, tape, or test surface.
  • Water beads because a sealer or contaminant remains.
  • The surface is polished, smooth, or closed.
  • Laitance or weak paste remains between prepared areas.
  • Oil staining returns after preparation.
  • Shot-blast stripes, grinder swirl marks, or unprepared edges remain.
  • Loose aggregate, fractured concrete, or deep impact damage is present.
  • Existing coating remains where complete removal was required.
  • The profile is too coarse for the specified membrane thickness.
  • Moisture, condensation, or active leakage develops after preparation.

Prepared-Surface Acceptance Checklist

Acceptance Item Verification
Soundness Unsound and delaminated material removed; repairs completed and accepted.
Cleanliness No visible dust, debris, oil, curing compound, sealer, residue, or loose material.
Surface profile Matches the specified profile and accepted test area.
Details Edges, corners, joints, penetrations, drains, curbs, and terminations prepared.
Surface regularity Fins, projections, bugholes, voids, and unacceptable profile variations corrected.
Moisture and environment Concrete and ambient conditions satisfy the written system requirements.
Testing Required moisture, tensile-strength, and adhesion testing completed and documented.
Protection Prepared surface protected from traffic, weather, leaks, dust, and other trades.

Field Principle: Prepare the Concrete, Not Just Its Appearance

A surface can look clean and still contain weak paste, contamination, moisture, residue, or an unsuitable profile. Preparation is complete only when the concrete has been evaluated, mechanically prepared as required, repaired, cleaned, tested, and accepted for the specific waterproofing system being installed.

Technical References

  • ASTM D5295/D5295M-18: Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered Bonded Membrane Waterproofing Systems. ASTM International
  • ICRI Guideline No. 310.2R-2013: Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, Polymer Overlays, and Concrete Repair. International Concrete Repair Institute
  • ASTM D7234-22: Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers. ASTM International
  • OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1153: Respirable Crystalline Silica requirements applicable to construction activities. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  • The membrane manufacturer’s current technical data sheets, surface-preparation requirements, primer instructions, repair procedures, moisture limits, application details, and written project recommendations.

Professional responsibility: Follow the contract documents, current manufacturer instructions, applicable environmental requirements, equipment instructions, safety data sheets, and OSHA requirements. Evaluate existing materials for hazardous constituents before disturbance when required. Structural repair, reinforcement exposure, and extensive concrete deterioration should be addressed through an approved repair design.

Copyright © 2026 Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, stored, displayed, published, or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Azimuth Spray Systems, LLC, except for brief quotations used with proper attribution.

AirSprayTech.com — The Finishing Authority®



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 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 19 of 28 | Balance the Booth: Air-Makeup Unit Operation and Maintenance
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 20 of 28 | Cure It by the Numbers: Flash, Bake, and Return-to-Service
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 21 of 28 | Correct Without Creating: Denibbing, Sanding, and Polishing
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 22 of 28 | Put It Back Right: Reassembly Without Damaging the Finish
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 23 of 28 | Inspect It Before the Customer Does: Final Quality Control
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 24 of 28 | Deliver More Than Shine: Customer Handoff and Fresh-Paint Care
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 25 of 28 | Control the Waste Stream: Paint, Solvent, Filters, and Compliance
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 26 of 28 | Troubleshoot the Process: Find the Cause Before Repainting
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 27 of 28 | Make Quality Repeatable: Procedures, Training, and Team Accountability
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Article 28 of 28 | Road Ready Is Earned: Audit the Complete Refinish Process
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Final Assessment
 > Automotive Refinish—From Repair Plan to Road Ready | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - 00 Course Overview
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 01: Understanding Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 02: Common Forms of Corrosion
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 03: Evaluating the Structure and Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 04: Protective Coatings as the Primary Barrier
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 05: Selecting the Correct Coating System
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 06: Surface Cleanliness and Contaminant Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 07: Abrasive Blasting and Surface-Preparation Standards
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 08: Surface Profile and Anchor Pattern
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 09: Environmental Conditions and Dew Point Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 10: Selecting Coating Systems for the Service Environment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 11: Primers and Their Role in Corrosion Protection
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 12: Intermediate Coats, Finish Coats, and Stripe Coating
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 13: Coating Application Methods and Spray Technique
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 14: Coating Mixing, Thinning, Induction Time, and Pot Life
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 15: Wet Film and Dry Film Thickness Control
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 16: Holidays, Pinholes, and Discontinuity Testing
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 17: Coating Adhesion Testing and Failure Interpretation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 18: Coating Defects and Failure Diagnosis
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 19: How Coatings and Cathodic Protection Work Together
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Article 20: Final Inspection, Repair Verification, and Project Documentation
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Corrosion Protection for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Certificate of Completion Request
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Protective Linings: What They Are and Why They Fail
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - Understanding the Lining Service Environment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Selecting a Lining for the Material Being Contained
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Epoxy Linings and Where They Are Used
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Novolac Epoxy Linings for Severe Chemical Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Vinyl Ester and Polyester Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Polyurethane, Polyurea, and Elastomeric Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Cementitious and Specialty Lining Systems
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Inspecting Steel and Concrete Before Lining Work Begins
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Preparing Steel for Protective-Lining Application
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - Preparing Concrete for Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Moisture in Concrete: When a Lining Should Not Be Applied
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Environmental Conditions, Dew Point, and Condensation Control
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Mixing, Induction Time, Pot Life, and Material Temperature
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Applying High-Build and Plural-Component Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Stripe Coating, Edges, Welds, Penetrations, and Difficult Areas
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 18 of 20 - Film Thickness, Recoat Windows, Curing, and Return to Service
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 19 of 20 - Inspecting Protective Linings
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 20 of 20 - Final Acceptance, Repairs, and Lining Maintenance
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors - Final Assessment
 > Protective Linings for Industrial Coating Contractors | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | 00 - Course Overview
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 01 of 20 - Why Moisture Causes Coating and Flooring Fail
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 03 of 20 - Moisture Vapor Versus Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 02 of 20 - How Moisture Moves Through Concrete
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 04 of 20 - Sources of Moisture in Concrete Slabs and Str
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 05 of 20 - Recognizing Moisture-Related Coating Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 06 of 20 - Relative-Humidity Testing of Concrete Slabs
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 07 of 20 - Calcium-Chloride Moisture-Vapor-Emission Test
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 08 of 20 - Electronic Moisture Meters and Surface-Moistu
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 09 of 20 - Concrete pH and Alkalinity at the Bond Line
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 10 of 20 - Dew Point, Condensation, and Environmental Co
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 11 of 20 - Osmotic Blistering, Delamination, and Efflore
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 12 of 20 - When a Coating Should Not Be Applied
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 13 of 20 - Selecting a Moisture-Mitigation System
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 14 of 20 - Surface Preparation for Moisture-Mitigation M
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 15 of 20 - Applying Moisture-Mitigation Membranes
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 16 of 20 - Pinholes, Holidays, and Membrane Inspection
 > Moisture Vapor Barriers and Mitigation Membranes for Industrial Coating Contractors | Article 17 of 20 - Primers, Underlayments, Adhesives, and System
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 18 - Repairing Coating and Flooring Failures
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 19 - Documentation, Warranties, and Contractor Liability
 > Moisture Vapor Management | 20 - Complete Moisture-Management Plan
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Course Assessment
 > Moisture Vapor Management | Certificate Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings - Course Overview
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 01 of 24 | What Floor Coatings Must Do
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 03 of 24 | Evaluating Existing Concrete and Previous Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Floor-Coating Failure
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 05 of 24 | Removing Oil, Grease and Chemical Contamination
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 06 of 24 | Mechanical Surface Preparation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 07 of 24 | Concrete Surface Profile and Preparation Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 08 of 24 | Repairing Cracks, Joints, Spalls and Damaged Concrete
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 09 of 24 | Primers, Patches, Underlayments and Moisture Mitigation
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 10 of 24 | Understanding Resinous Floor-Coating Chemistries
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 11 of 24 | Epoxy Floor-Coating Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 12 of 24 | Polyurethane and Polyaspartic Floor Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 13 of 24 | Urethane-Cement Flooring for Heavy-Duty and Sanitary Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 14 of 24 | Methyl Methacrylate and Rapid-Return Flooring Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 15 of 24 | Broadcast, Slurry, Mortar, and Self-Leveling Floor Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 16 of 24 | Slip Resistance, Texture, Cleanability, and Appearance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 17 of 24 | Coves, Drains, Penetrations, Edges, and Floor Transitions
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 18 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, Pot Life, and Installation Sequence
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 19 of 24 | Coverage, Film Thickness, Aggregate, and Material Control
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 20 of 24 | Environmental Conditions, Cure, Recoat Windows, and Return to Service
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 21 of 24 | Warehouse, Manufacturing, Vehicle and Aircraft-Hangar Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 22 of 24 | Food, Beverage, Sanitary, Healthcare and Cleanroom Floors
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, Defects and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating, Documentation, Warranties, Maintenance and Final Acceptance
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Final Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Floor Coatings | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 00 Certificate Program
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 01 of 25: What They Must Dand
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 02 of 25 | Coatings vs. Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 03 of 25 | Roof Assemblies and Substrates
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 04 of 25 | Reading the Specification
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 05 of 25 | Codes, Fire, Wind, and Energy
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 06 of 25 | New-Construction Readiness
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 07 of 25 | Restore or Replace
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 08 of 25 | Roof Moisture Surveys
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 09 of 25 | Drainage and Ponding Water
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 10 of 25 | Repairs Before Coating
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 11 of 25 | Cleaning and Contamination Removal
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 12 of 25 | Surface Preparation by Substrate
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 13 of 25 | Adhesion Testing
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 14 of 25 | Primers and Tie Coats
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 15 of 25 | Elastomeric Coatings
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 16 of 25 | Acrylic Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 17 of 25 | Silicone Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 18 of 25 | Polyurethane Systems
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 19 of 25 | PMMA Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 20 of 25 | Polyurea Membranes
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 21 of 25 | Spray Equipment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 22 of 25 | Weather and Cure
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 23 of 25 | Inspection and Repairs
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 24 of 25 | Specifications and Warranties
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | 25 of 25 | Technical Glossary
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Course Assessment
 > Commercial and Industrial Roof Coatings | Certificate Request
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Overview
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 01 of 24 | The Contractor’s Role
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 02 of 24 | Plans, Specifications and Scope
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 03 of 24 | Site Survey and Prejob Evaluation
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 04 of 24 | MUTCD Marking Fundamentals
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 05 of 24 | Accessible Parking Spaces
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 06 of 24 | Fire Lanes and Restricted Areas
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 07 of 24 | Parking-Lot Layout and Traffic Flow
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 08 of 24 | Measuring and Layout Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 09 of 24 | Pavement and Existing Markings
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 10 of 24 | Surface Preparation and Marking Removal
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 11 of 24 | Selecting Marking Materials
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 12 of 24 | Marking Coating Chemistries
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 13 of 24 | Glass Beads and Retroreflectivity
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 14 of 24 | Striping Machines, Guns and Tips
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 15 of 24 | Equipment Setup and Spray Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 16 of 24 | Width, Thickness and Coverage
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 17 of 24 | Stencils, Symbols and Arrows
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 18 of 24 | Weather, Moisture, Drying and Cure
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 19 of 24 | Work-Zone Traffic Control
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 20 of 24 | Crew Positioning, Communication and PPE
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 21 of 24 | Estimating Line Striping Work
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 22 of 24 | Scheduling and Managing Crews
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Defects and Acceptance
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Article 24 of 24 | Documentation, Maintenance and Growth
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Course Assessment
 > Professional Line Striping for Contractors | Certificate Request
 > Academy Educational Standards and Editorial Policy
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Purpose and Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Defining the Service Environment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Chemical Exposure Variables
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Concrete and Steel Structures
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24 | Concrete Moisture and Failure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Embedded Concrete Contamination
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Mechanical Concrete Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Steel Surface Preparation
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Vinyl Ester Systems
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Fiberglass-Reinforced Linings
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Coves, Joints, Drains, and Penetrations
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Mixing, Staging, and Pot Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Application Methods and Equipment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Film Thickness and Continuity
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Environmental Conditions and Cure
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Inspection, Testing, and Final Acceptance
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Defects, Failure Analysis, and Repairs
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Spill Response and Return to Service
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Inspection, Maintenance, and Service Life
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Estimating and Contractor Responsibility
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Secondary Containment Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 01 of 24 | Understanding the System
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 02 of 24 | Ratios and Stoichiometry
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 03 of 24 | Pot Life and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 04 of 24 | Materials and Applications
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 05 of 24 | Reading the Documents
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 06 of 24 | How Proportioners Work
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 07 of 24 | Selecting a Proportioner
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 08 of 24 | Pails, Drums, Totes, and Feed Pumps
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 09 of 24 | Pumps and Ratio Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 10 of 24 | Material Conditioning
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 11 of 24 | Heating and Temperature Control
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 12 of 24 | Filters, Valves, Gauges, and Sensors
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 13 of 24 | Manifolds and Mixers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 14 of 24 | Spray Guns, Tips, and Chambers
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 15 of 24 | Building a Mobile Rig
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 16 of 24 | Hoses and Connections
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 17 of 24 | Calibration and Ratio Testing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 18 of 24 | Jobsite Setup and Startup
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 19 of 24 | Pressure and Spray Technique
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 20 of 24 | Film Thickness and Cure
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 21 of 24 | Correcting Off-Ratio Material
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 22 of 24 | Shutdown and Flushing
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 23 of 24 | Troubleshooting and Maintenance
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Article 24 of 24 | Final Acceptance
 > Portable Plural-Component Coating Systems | Course Assessment
 > Portable Plural-Component Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 01 of 24: Understanding Production Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 02 of 24: Reactive Coating Chemistries
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 03 of 24: Components A, B, and C
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 04 of 24: Mixing Ratios and Tolerances
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 05 of 24: Viscosity and Temperature
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 06 of 24: Material Supply Systems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 07 of 24: Metering and Dosing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 08 of 24: Static and Dynamic Mixing
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Pot Life and Mixed Volume
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Flushing and Color Change
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Pressure and Flow Control
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Applicators and Atomization
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Color Change and Multiple-Hardener System Design
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Pot Life and Production Interruptions
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Calibration and Ratio Verification
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Flow, Pressure, Alarms, and Interlocks
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: Startup, Production, and Shutdown
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Solvent and Waste Reduction
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Containing Off-Ratio Material
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Troubleshooting Ratio, Flow, Pressure, and Mixing Problems
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Production Operating Procedures
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Worker and Facility Safety
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 23 of 24: Quality Control and Traceability
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: System Acceptance and Lifecycle Management
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems for OEM Product Finishers | Course Assessment
 > 2K and 3K Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | 00 Course Overview
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 01 of 24: What Protective Systems Must Do
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 02 of 24: Mapping the Treatment Process
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 03 of 24: Defining Exposure Zones
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 04 of 24: Reading Project Requirements
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 05 of 24: Potable-Water Certification
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 06 of 24: Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 07 of 24: Evaluating Existing Concrete
 > Water & Wastewater Coatings | Article 08 of 24: Evaluating Existing Steel
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 09 of 24: Cleaning and Decontamination
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 10 of 24: Concrete Repair and Surface Rebuilding
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 11 of 24: Concrete Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 12 of 24: Steel Surface Preparation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 13 of 24: Moisture and Environmental Control
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 14 of 24: Confined-Space Safety
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 15 of 24: Selecting Lining Chemistries
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 16 of 24: Potable-Water Infrastructure
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 17 of 24: High-Build Wastewater Linings
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 18 of 24: Resurfacers, Mortars, and Membranes
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 19 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Transitions
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 20 of 24: Material Storage, Mixing, Plural-Component Equipment, and Application Planning
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 21 of 24: Inspection, Testing, and Quality-Control Documentation
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 22 of 24: Defects, Failure Analysis, and Coating Repairs
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Article 24 of 24: Estimating, Closeout, Warranties, and Lifecycle Maintenance
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems Course Assessment
 > Water and Wastewater Protective Coating Systems | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Industrial Waterproofing | 00 Course Overview
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 01 of 24: What Systems Must Do
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 02 of 24: How Water Moves
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 03 of 24: Positive, Blind, and Negative Side
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 04 of 24: Define the Service Conditions
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 05 of 24: Reading Project Documents
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 06 of 24: Evaluating Concrete
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 07 of 24: Moisture and Hydrostatic Pressure
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 09 of 24: Cracks, Joints, and Penetrations
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 10 of 24: Primers and Bonding Layers
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 11 of 24: Membrane Chemistries
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 12 of 24: Storage, Mixing, and Proportioning
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 13 of 24: Membrane Application Methods
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 14 of 24: Thickness and Coverage Control
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 15 of 24: Cure and Recoat Windows
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 16 of 24: Below-Grade Structures
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 17 of 24: Plaza Decks and Podiums
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 18 of 24: Vaults and Utility Structures
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 19 of 24: Protection and Drainage
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 20 of 24: Inspection and Leak Detection
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 21 of 24: Defects and Repairs
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 22 of 24: Existing-System Rehabilitation
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 23 of 24: Estimating and Documentation
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Article 24 of 24: Acceptance and Maintenance
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Course Assessment
 > Industrial Waterproofing | Certificate of Completion Request
 > Masking and Surface Protection for Finishing Shops and Process Lines
 > Masking Requirements: What Must Remain Uncoated—and Why - 01